Flip Flops, Registers Today: First Hour: Types of Latches, Flip Flips Notes: No Studios This week About lab proto-boards and modules Must stay in the lab You are responsible for your assigned equipment for the entire semester. Today: First Hour: Types of Latches, Flip Flips Section 6.1.4-6.1.6 of Katz’s Textbook In-class Activity #1 Second Hour: Storage and Shift Registers Section 7.1 of Katz’s Textbook In-class Activity #2

State Diagrams for Latches Truth Table Summary of R-S Latch Behavior State Behavior of R-S Latch

State Diagram: R-S Latch Theoretical R-S Latch State Diagram

Observed R-S Behavior Very difficult to observe R-S Latch in the 1-1 state Ambiguously returns to state 0-1 or 1-0 A so-called "race condition"

Making Other Latches Simplify by coupling inputs NEXT STATE TABLE J K Q Q+ 0 0 0 0 HOLD 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 RESET 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SET 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 TOGGLE 1 1 1 0 Simplify by coupling inputs i.e., one input determines the other

Also called D flip-flop if edge-triggered D Latch NEXT STATE TABLE Let J = D, K = D J K Q Q+ 0 0 0 0 HOLD 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 RESET 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SET 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 TOGGLE 1 1 1 0 NEXT STATE TABLE D Q Q+ 0 0 0 RESET 0 1 0 1 0 1 SET 1 1 1 D Also called D flip-flop if edge-triggered

Also called T flip-flop if edge-triggered T Latch NEXT STATE TABLE Let J = T, K = T J K Q Q+ 0 0 0 0 HOLD 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 RESET 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SET 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 TOGGLE 1 1 1 0 T Q Q+ 0 0 0 HOLD 0 1 1 1 0 1 TOGGLE 1 1 0 NEXT STATE TABLE T Also called T flip-flop if edge-triggered

Timing issues revisited Latch Q K R Q Q J S Q Set Reset Toggle Problem: Keeps on toggling!

J-K Master/Slave F-F Latch J P K Clock Two-stage memory element R S Q Master section - clock high J-K inputs generate P outputs Slave section - clock low Ps are unchanging and generate Qs Two-phase clock operation - Feedback has no effect until next time clock is high

Timing: master-slave Master Stage Slave Stage Sample inputs while clock high Sample inputs while clock low Uses time to break feedback path from outputs to inputs! Correct Toggle Operation

Negative Edge-Triggered Effect of Glitches 1's Catching problem: If input = 1 any time during the clock period (even a 0-1-0 glitch), it will be interpreted as a 1 for computing output  designer must use hazard-free logic Solution: edge-triggered logic called “Flip-flops” Built from 3 latches Negative Edge-Triggered D flipflop When clock is high: R=S=0 is the Hold state

Step-by-Step Analysis Negative Edge-triggered D Flipflops When clock goes high-to-low R = D’, S = D (new data D is latched) Initially Clk = 1 R = S = 0 (Hold)

Step-by-Step Analysis Negative Edge-triggered D Flipflops When clock goes high-to-low R = D’, S = D (new data D is latched) If clock remains low, and D changes, (Previous value of D is held)

Latches vs Flip-Flops Input/Output Behavior of Latches and Flipflops Type When Inputs are Sampled When Outputs are Valid Un-clocked always propagation delay from latch input change level clock high propagation delay from -sensitive (Tsu, Th around input change latch falling clock edge) positive edge clock lo-to-hi transition propagation delay from flipflop (Tsu, Th around rising edge of clock rising clock edge) negative edge clock hi-to-lo transition propagation delay from flipflop (Tsu, Th around falling edge of clock falling clock edge) master/slave clock hi-to-lo transition propagation delay from flipflop (Tsu, Th around falling edge of clock

Comparison of FFs R-S Clocked Latch: used as storage element in narrow width clocked systems its use is not recommended! however, fundamental building block for other flipflop types J-K Flipflop: versatile building block can be used to implement D and T FFs usually requires least amount of logic to implement ƒ(in,Q,Q+) but has two inputs with increased wiring complexity because of 1's catching, never use master/slave J-K FFs edge-triggered varieties exist D Flipflop: minimizes wires, much preferred in VLSI technologies simplest design technique best choice for storage registers T Flipflops: don't really exist, constructed from J-K FFs usually best choice for implementing counters Preset and Clear inputs highly desirable!!

Behavior the same unless input changes TTL schematics 7474 Edge triggered device sample inputs on the event edge Transparent latches sample inputs as long as the clock is asserted Timing Diagram: 7476 D Clk Q 7474 Bubble here for negative edge triggered device Q 7476 Behavior the same unless input changes while the clock is high

TYPO!!: For Part (a) start with circle (0, 1) Do Activity #1 Now TYPO!!: For Part (a) start with circle (0, 1) J-K NEXT STATE TABLE J K Q Q+ 0 0 0 0 HOLD 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 RESET 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 SET 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 TOGGLE 1 1 1 0 D D Holds D when clock goes low D’ R Q Clk Q S D Holds D when clock goes low D D Pages 296-298 of Katz

Sequential Logic Components Flipflops: most primitive "packaged" sequential circuits More complex sequential building blocks: Storage registers, Shift registers, Counters Available as components in the TTL Catalog Registers Store a word (4 to 64 bits) E.g.: Pentium has several registers Counters Count thru a sequence of states E.g., the seconds display on a clock. Both of these have many variations.

Storage Registers Storage registers store data, without changing it. A D F/F is a 1-bit storage register. A Register File stores a group of words of data. You specify which word to read or write. A Random-Access Memory is like a large register file. It may store 32MB of data or more.

Multi-bit Storage Registers use D F/Fs in groups to make a multibit register Clocks in 4 bits in parallel, or resets to 0.

74171 Quadruple D F/F with Clear Triangle indicates clock input No bubble indicates positive edge triggered The /CLR clears all 4 bits This stores 4 bits in parallel

Register Variants Sometimes there’s also a LOAD input. When LOAD is false, the F/F doesn’t change. When LOAD is true during the clock edge, the F/F updates itself. Sometimes the outputs are 3-state or open collector. This allows several registers to be connected to the same output wire

74377 Octal D F/Fs with Enable Positive edge triggered ... but only when /EN is active LO Stores an 8 bit number

74374 Octal D F/Fs with 3-State Outputs Positive edge triggered Stores an 8 bit number /OE is active LO output enable Determines when register contents are visible at the outputs Note: LW uses different labels from the 377, and from Katz!

Register Files Store several words You read or write one word at a time. 74670 4-by-4 Register File with 3-State Outputs 4 words of 4 bits each Data in: D1,D2,D3,D4 Data out: Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 Read selects: RB,RA Write selects: WB,WA Active low read enable /GR, write enable /GW Can read and write simultaneously. No clock. Read or write when enables asserted. Watch out for glitches! To write Word 1, set GW = 0 and (WB, WA) to (0,1) To read Word 2, set GR = 0 and (RB, RA) to (1,0)

Random Access Memories Same idea as a register file, but optimized for very many words. Small RAM: 256 4-bit words. Larger RAM: 4 million 8-bit words. More details later.

Shift Registers Some registers are designed to change their stored data. Shift registers shift their bits left or right. For example, right shift: Original contents 1000 Shift right: 0100 Shift again: 0010 …and again: 0001 … once more, wrapping: 1000 Application: send a word to a modem bit-by-bit. We need some way to initialize the shift register.

Input and Output Serial input The shift register doesn’t wrap around from right to left. Instead, the user provides the new leftmost bit. Parallel input You can specify the whole word at once. Serial output The bit just shifted off the right is visible at a pin. Parallel output Every stored bit is visible at an output pin. This uses more pins, which can be a problem.

74194 -more- 4 bit bidirectional universal shift register 4 modes set by S1,S0 00: hold data (QA,QB,QC,QD) 01: shift right (SR,QA,QB,QC) 10: shift left (QB,QC,QD,SL) 11: parallel load SL (aka LSI): left shift input SR (aka RSI): right shift input Positive edge triggered /CLR: asynchronous clear

74194 continued Notation conflicts: LogicWorks uses SL, SR. Katz uses LSI, RSI. LW uses A,B,C,D for inputs and QA,QB,QC,QD for outputs. Motorola uses P0,P1,P2,P3 for inputs, Q0,Q1,Q2,Q3 for outputs and DSR & DSL for serial inputs. Note that the normal LW convention is that A is the lo-order bit. This is the way you normally connect the hex keyboard and the hex display. For the 194, A and QA are the hi-order bits. It's confusing. Right shift in more detail. All together on the rising clock: SR  QA, QA  QB, QB  QC, QC  QD, QD is lost. Connecting QD to SR makes a circular shift register. Left shift in more detail. SL  QD, QD  QC, QC  QB, QB  QA, QA is lost.

Do Activity #2 Now For Next Class: TYPO: Question b, part 2, WB, WA = 11 Due: End of Class Today RETAIN THE LAST PAGES (#3 & #4)!! For Next Class: Bring Randy Katz Textbook, & TTL Data Book Required Reading: Sec 7.2, 7.3 of Katz This reading is necessary for getting points in the Studio Activity!