Unit 3 Learning Goal 4 ANALYZE and IDENTIFY Cultural achievements of Muslim Society. (TEKS/SE WH1c, 25d, 26b, 27a.)

Reading: DRAGON MARKINGS ●Every time you read, you will be expected to MARK YOUR TEXT!! ●Why? It helps you pay attention to and interpret what you read!! 1.1st time reading: (1) Number paragraphs 1.2nd time reading: Circle key terms and essential words 1.3rd time reading: Underline/Highlight author’s claims and information relevant to reading

DRAGON MARKINGS THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE. HIGHLIGHT THE ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING AND ANSWER QUESTIONS ON THE BACK 1.How did Muslim rulers treat conquered peoples who were not Muslim? 2.Why did Muslims have a positive attitude toward trade? 3.What were some characteristic of Muslim architecture? 4.What mathematical advances did Muslim scholars make?

Muslim Civilization Video Clip Start Crash Course video on the Dark Ages at 3:55 and finish at 9:12. hZg&index=14&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9 hZg&index=14&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF80C9

ESSENTIAL QUESTION (TEK 1C) WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC CALIPHATES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ASIA, AFRICA, AND EUROPE?

Arab soldiers committed to the promise of plunder unified around Islam and conquered territory from Spain to India across North Africa, Arabia and Anatolia Weak Sassanid and Byzantine Empires made conquest easier Followers were attracted to ideas of equality among believers and familiar with monotheism from Jewish and Christian traditions Causes of the development of Islamic caliphates

Caliphate’s introduced bureaucratic structure and established first Muslim Empire Arabs, Persians and other groups unified politically and culturally as Muslims Trade flourished, as merchants agreed on a common set of Muslim business dealings Intellectual development led to algebra, preservation of Classical texts especially those of the Greeks Mosques, hospitals, schools, orphanages and the House of Wisdom were built Islam spread via trade routes to West Africa and to Southeast via the Indian Ocean to Central Asia and China via the Silk Routes Effects of the development of Islamic caliphates

WRITE THE QUESTION ON THE SIDE OF YOUR CORNELL NOTES (Q1) Name the four groups of Muslim society? The Muslim empire included people of many different lands and cultures. Major cities arose in the Muslim world. They included Cordoba and Cairo, centers of Muslim rule in Spain and North Africa, and Baghdad, the Abbasid capital. Muslim society was divided into four groups, at the top or people who were Muslims from birth. Next came those who were converted to Islam. The third group included Jews, Christians, and the Zoroastrians - protected because Muslims shared some of their beliefs. The fourth group was slaves, none of whom were Muslims. According to Muslim law, women should obey men. But Muslim women still enjoyed more rights than did those living in European Society of the time. The Qur'an gave Muslim women some economic and property rights. In early Muslim society, women could also have an education and take part in public life. Later they lost those Rights.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION (TEK 25D) EXPLAIN HOW ISLAM INFLUENCED LAW AND GOVERNMENT IN THE MUSLIM WORLD?

The Muslim world was ruled by a caliph who effectively oversaw a theocratic Islamic empire or caliphate with the position of caliph gradually becoming hereditary and the caliph had both political and religious authority in the Muslim world. Islamic law or the shar’ia was based on legal scholars’ interpretations of the Qu’ran.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION (TEK 26B) ANALYZE HOW ART, ARCHITECTURE, LITERATURE, MUSIC, AND DRAMA REFLECT THE HISTORY OF THE CULTURES IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD?

Achievements Arabesques geometric patterns: reflect an artistic style based on abstract non human figures, because of Islamic prohibition of or use of human images Mosques: unique use of domes and minarets used for the call to pray five times a day Calligraphy: decoration in mosques developed because of ban on use of human images Poetry: reflects the oral heritage of the nomadic Arab tribes, most famous Muslim poet is Rumi, a 13 th century Sufi mystic Literature: The Thousand and One Nights (The Arabian Nights) and Rubaiyat are classic examples of literature produced during the Abbasid Golden Age Blending of Muslim and Hindu: Taj Mahal - A mixture of Indian, Persian, and Muslim motifs i.e. minarets, arches, etc. Blending of Muslim and Christianity: Hagia Sophia - Transformed a Christian church into a mosque i.e. minarets, arches, etc.

Achievements

(Q2) Name four achievements of Muslim scientists and mathematicians? Literature was a strong tradition before Islam. Later, the Qur’an became the standard for all Arabic literature and poetry. The collection The Thousand and One Nights included many entertaining stories, fairy tales, and legends. Muslims had their own special practices in art. For instance, artists could not draw pictures of people. Only Allah, the religion said, could create life. Unable to draw these images, Muslims developed a new art form. They practiced calligraphy, or the art of beautiful handwriting. Muslim scholars made great advances in medicine and mathematics. The physician al-Razi wrote an encyclopedia that collected all that was known about medicine from Greece to India. In science, Muslims studied the work of ancient Greek scientists but used logic rather than experiments to reach conclusions. One Muslim scientist made new discoveries about how people see. His findings helped lead to the invention of the telescope and microscope. A mathematician named al-Khwarizmi wrote a textbook that developed algebra.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION (TEK 27A) IDENTIFY THE ORIGIN AND DIFFUSION OF MAJOR IDEAS IN MATH, SCIENCE, AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ISLAMIC CALIPHATES BETWEEN 700 AND 1200?

Origin Algebra, trigonometry Concept of latitude and longitude Idea of the use of credit Study of Greek philosophy Medical advances in diagnosis recorded in the Hawi a medical encyclopedia and the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sina Astrolabe

(Q3) Why was Ibn Rushd Criticized? Philosophers at the House of Wisdom also translated works of the ancient Greek philosophers. Muslim philosophers Ibn Rushd was criticized for trying to join their ideas with Muslim ideas. But he argued that Greek philosophy and Islam both searched for the truth. The Jewish philosopher Maimonides, who lived in the Muslim Empire, was also criticized for his ideas. He wrote a book that blended philosophy, religion, and science. Philosophers reflected the different people who lived in the Muslim Empire. Muslims came to recognize the value of their differences.

Building on the ideas in mathematics learned from the Indians, Abbasid Muslims expanded the use of algebra and spread the use of Arabic numerals to the Europeans via the Crusades and later trade Learning about paper money from the Chinese, Abbasid scholars were able to further stock libraries and universities. Muslim scholars translated the works of the Greek philosophers and preserved that learning in libraries such as the House of Wisdom built in 380 in Baghdad. Universities such as those in Cordoba, Toledo and Granada preserved and spread knowledge Contact through trade and war spread ideas and technologies such as the astrolabe compass Diffusion of ideas

(Q4) Explain how Muslim scholars helped save the learning of the West? Muslims placed a high value on learning and scholarship. Muslim scholars added much to human knowledge. Europe was in chaos and much of the knowledge of Europeans was in danger of being lost. During this time, Muslim scholars collected ancient Greek, Indian, and Persian works of science and philosophy. The scholars translated these works into Arabic. One center of this study was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Later, this ancient learning returned to Europe when the works of Muslim scholars were translated.

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