STANDARD PRECAUTIONS Clinical Internship

Governmental Agencies OSHA Protects Workers CDC Protects Patients &Workers

Defense Systems Internal External Immune System Skin Tears T Cells WBC Antibodies External Skin Tears Mucus

Immunity Active Made by person Exposure to pathogen Vaccination Passive Not made by person From mother From injection

Bacteria Live outside cells Complete cell Produce spores Respond to antibiotics Virus Live inside cells DNA or RNA Do not respond to antibiotics

AIDS/HIV Virus that infects T Cells Spread by blood & body fluids 6 month “Window of Infectability” Begins with Flu-like symptoms Can be HIV + for years before developing full-blown AIDS 15 –24 most rapidly growing group

Tuberculosis Bacteria that infects alveoli “Super Bug” mutation Begins with LRI symptoms Spread by air-borne droplets BCG vaccine available Most respond to antibiotics

Hepatitis B/C Virus infects liver cells Spread by blood & body fluids Begins with Flu-like symptoms Causes jaundice Vaccine for Hepatitis B available Hepatitis C increases risk of cancer

Meningitis Bacteria or Virus infects meninges Spread by blood, body fluids & air-borne droplets Begins with Flu-like symptoms & nuchal rigidity “Super Bug” mutation Bacterial treated with antibiotics

Herpes II Viral infection of skin & mucous membranes Causes blister-like lesions Spread by direct contact Antivirals available Herpetic Whitloe on fingers

Fomite – inanimate object that spread infection Vector – animal or insect that spreads infection

Vaccines MMR Hepatitis B Flu Tetanus Chicken Pox DPT

Needed for Infection Reservoir Portal of exit Mode of transmission Portal of entry Susceptible person Sufficient number of pathogens

Symptoms of Infection Fever Malaise Inflammation Swelling Pain Elevated WBC

Antibiotic Drug that kills microorganisms: pathogens & non-pathogens Culture and Sensitivity Topical, PO, IM, IV Penicillin, Bactrin, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Cipro

Portals of Entry/Exit Skin Mucous Membranes Respiratory Tract GI Tract

Components of Standard Precautions Personal Hygiene Protective Barriers Environmental Controls Cleaning and Disinfection

Personal Hygiene Daily Bathing Hand washing Scrubbing removes pathogens

Protective Barriers Mask – respiratory tract & mucous membranes Goggles – mucous membranes Gown – skin Gloves - skin

Environmental Controls Equipment and supply placement Red color

Cleaning and Disinfecting Clean first Disinfect second Dispose of all materials

Cleaning removes dirt & debris – soap & water Cleaning removes dirt & debris – soap & water. Disinfection slows reproduction & kills most pathogens – chemicals. Bleach 10% solution. Sterilization kills all microorganisms & spores – chemicals & autoclaving.

Asepsis Medical Clean technique Concurrent Terminal Slows or kills most pathogens, but not spores Surgical Sterile technique Prior Concurrent Kills all microorganisms and spores

Post-Exposure Wash area STAT Report incident Write incident report

Exposure Control Plan Required by OSHA States hazards Transmission methods Protection methods Employer/employee responsibilities Post-exposure procedures

To Clean Up Spill Put on gloves Soak up fluid Clean area Disinfect area Place all debris in Red Biohazard bag Wash hands

Biohazard Red colored items Biohazard symbol