Carbon Compounds Lysozyme – a protein

Organic Molecules carbonhydrogen Organic molecules are molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen, and often containing other elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen

Elements of Life Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur Six elements make up 96% of your mass!

Monomer: The simplest unit, or repeating unit Polymer: Combination of many monomers

Carbohydrates There are two types of carbohydrates:  The simple sugars  Glucose, sucrose, fructose (and many others)  The complex carbohydrates  Carbohydrates that are made of long chains of sugars  Starches, cellulose, glycogen

Simple Sugars  All carbohydrates are made up of units of sugar (also called saccharide units).  Carbohydrates that contain only one sugar unit are called monosaccharides. GlucoseFructose

Simple Sugars  Disaccharides have two sugar units bonded together.  For example, common table sugar is sucrose (below), a disaccharide that consists of a glucose unit bonded to a fructose unit.

Complex Carbohydrates  Complex carbohydrates are polymers of the simple sugars.  In other words, the complex carbohydrates are long chains of simple sugar units bonded together.  For this reason the complex carbohydrates are often referred to as polysaccharides.

Complex Carbohydrates Starch (below) is a polymer of the monosaccharide glucose (n is the number of repeating glucose units and ranges in the 1,000's). Starches and cellulose are complex carbohydrates used by plants for energy storage and structural integrity.

Complex Carbohydrates  Glycogen, another polymer of glucose, is a polysaccharide used by animals to store energy.  Both starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose.  Starch is a long, straight chain of glucose units, whereas glycogen is a branched chain of glucose units.

Structure of Glycogen

Carb Purpose Carb Purpose (CHO) - Living things use Carbs as their main energy source Ex/Pasta! -The breakdown of sugars (ex/glucose), supplies immediate energy for cell activities

Carbohydrates Recap -Draw Diagram

Fats Fats are a sub-group of compounds known as lipids that are found in the body and have the general property of being hydrophobic (meaning they are insoluble in water). Other lipids include waxes, and steroids, such as cholesterol.

Lipids (Fats) Monomers are Fatty Acids 2 types: – Saturated – Unsaturated

Lipids Saturated: -Animal products -Processed Foods -Saturated with H atoms -No Double Bonds (max amt of H+ ions) -Not heart healthy -Causes high cholesterol Unsaturated: -In nuts, avocados -Helps raise good cholesterol (HDL) -Has double bonds

Lipids Structure and Purpose Made mostly of Carbon & Hydrogen atoms Lipids are used to store energy!

Lipids Recap -Draw Diagram

Proteins oProteins are polymers of amino acids. oStructure: -The R in the diagram represents a functional group that varies depending on the specific amino acid in question.

Twenty amino acids in human metabolism Ex/ enzymes

Proteins When many amino acids bond together to create long chains, the structure is called a protein (it is also called a polypeptide because it contains many peptide bonds).

Function of Proteins Helps in formation of bones and muscles Transportation of substances in or out of the cell (ex/ hemoglobin) Control rate of reactions and regulate cell processes

Protein Recap -Draw diagram

Nucelic Acids Subunits or monomers are called nucleotides Consist of carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHONP) 3 parts are:

Nucleotide Function Store and transmit (send) genetic or hereditary information – EX/ DNA: Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid – EX/ RNA: Riblose Nucleic Acid