Section 2 The Home Front

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Guide to Reading To successfully fight the war, the United States had to mobilize the entire nation. conscription War Industries Board Bernard Baruch victory garden Main Idea Key Terms and Names Liberty Bond Victory bond Committee on Public Information espionage

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Building Up the Military Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. As the United States entered the war; it was necessary to recruit more soldiers. Many progressives thought conscription, or forced military service, violated both democratic and republican principles. A new system of conscription, called selective service, resulted in about 2.8 million Americans being drafted. (pages 456–457)

African American soldiers faced discrimination and prejudice within the army, where they served in racially segregated units under white officers. Many African Americans won praise from their commanders and received war medals. World War I was the first war in which women officially served. Building Up the Military (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 456–457)

The navy enlisted some 11,000 women, whose jobs included clerical positions, radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, photographers, chemists, and torpedo assemblers. The army, choosing not to enlist women, hired them as temporary employees to fill clerical positions. Army nurses were the only women in the military to go overseas during the war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Building Up the Military (cont.) (pages 456–457)

What was selective service? Selective service was a new system of forced military service. It required all men ages 21–30 to register to be drafted for war. A lottery randomly decided the order in which they were called to service. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Building Up the Military (cont.) (pages 456–457)

Organizing Industry Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. President Wilson and Congress agreed that the government should not control the economy. Instead, they wanted to establish a cooperative relationship between big business and government to ensure efficient use of resources during the mobilization of the American economy for war. (pages 457–458)

In 1917 the War Industries Board (WIB) was created to coordinate the production of war materials. In 1918 the WIB was reorganized and Bernard Baruch, a wealthy Wall Street stockbroker, was appointed to run it. Organizing Industry (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 457–458)

The Food Administration, under the direction of Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing consumption. Hoover asked people to plant victory gardens to raise their own vegetables in order to leave more food for the troops. The Fuel Administration encouraged people to conserve coal and oil. Daylight savings time was introduced to conserve energy. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Organizing Industry (cont.) (pages 457–458)

To raise money to pay for the war, the government began selling Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. Organizing Industry (cont.) By buying bonds, Americans were loaning the government money that would be repaid with interest in a specified number of years. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (pages 457–458)

What were some actions of the WIB under the leadership of Bernard Branch? The WIB told manufacturers what they could and could not make. It also controlled the flow of raw materials, ordered construction of new factories, and with the president’s approval, set prices. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Organizing Industry (cont.) (pages 457–458)

Mobilizing the Workforce Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. To prevent strikes, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in In exchange for wage increases, an 8-hour workday, and the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, the labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with a strike. (page 459)

The war increased the need for women in the workforce. They took factory and manufacturing jobs and positions in the shipping and railroad industries. After the war, women returned to their previous jobs or left the workforce. Mobilizing the Workforce (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. (page 459)

The war stopped the flow of immigrants to the United States, which allowed African Americans wartime jobs. Between 300,000 and 500,000 African Americans left the South to settle in the North. This “Great Migration” changed the racial makeup of many Northern cities. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mobilizing the Workforce (cont.) (page 459)

Many Mexicans moved north, providing labor for the farms and ranches in the American Southwest. Mexicans also moved to cities to take wartime factory jobs. They faced discrimination and hostility from Americans. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Mobilizing the Workforce (cont.) (page 459)

What was the “Great Migration?” Wartime job openings attracted hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South to settle in the North. It was a massive population movement during the war. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Mobilizing the Workforce (cont.) (page 459)

Ensuring Public Support Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Committee on Public Information (CPI), was a new government agency that attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people. Pamphlets and speeches helped deliver patriotic messages. Espionage, or spying to acquire secret government information, was addressed in the Espionage Act of It set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. (pages 459–461)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. The Sedition Act of 1918 went a step further by making it illegal to criticize the president or the government. Suspicions of disloyalty led to the mistreatment of German Americans. Anti-German feelings sometimes led to violence. Radical labor activists, socialists, pacifists, and anyone appearing disloyal also came under attack. Ensuring Public Support (cont.) (pages 459–461)

In the case of Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.” Ensuring Public Support (cont.) (pages 459–461)

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Ensuring Public Support (cont.) How did the government ensure the American public’s support of the war? The Committee on Public Information attempted to “sell” the idea of war to the American people through pamphlets and speeches. The Espionage Act of 1917 set up consequences for people who aided the enemy. The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to criticize the president or the government. In the case of Schenck v. the United States (1919), the Supreme Court ruling limited an individual’s freedom of speech if the words spoken constituted a “clear and present danger.” (pages 459–461)

Checking for Understanding __ 1.requiring people to enter military service __ 2.spying, especially to gain government secrets __ 3.gardens planted by American citizens during war to raise vegetables for home use, leaving more for the troops A. conscription B.victory garden C.espionage Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. C B A

Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Describe the contributions of African Americans during the war. About 400,000 African Americans were drafted to serve in the war; many received high praise for their courage from French generals.

Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Government and Democracy How did government efforts to ensure support for the war conflict with democratic ideals? The government’s efforts limited free speech and freedom of the press.

Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing How did World War I cause the federal government to change its relationship with the business world? Special boards were created that encouraged cooperation between business and government.

Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Posters Examine the posters on page 458 of your textbook. How do these images encourage support for the war? How effective do you think they would be today? Answers will vary.

Close Explain how the economy was controlled to support the war.