Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe I. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained

Absolute Power Unlimited and unrestrained Unlimited and unrestrained Increase royal authority by: Increase royal authority by: – Increasing control over finances, religion, and nobility – Increasing size of standing army and/or developing a strong navy

Absolute Power Increase royal authority by: Increase royal authority by: – Increasing size of government bureaucracy and making it an instrument of the royal will – Increasing size of territory Through war if necessary Through war if necessary

Absolute Power “Divine right” “Divine right” – God had established it – Most Europeans accepted this Representative assemblies Representative assemblies

Absolutism Triumphs in France Chief advisers: Chief advisers: – Cardinal Richelieu – Cardinal Mazarin Louis XIV Louis XIV

Absolutism Triumphs in France Growth of Absolutism Growth of Absolutism – Henry IV – Louis XIII Came to throne at age 9 Came to throne at age 9 Chief minister: Cardinal Richelieu Chief minister: Cardinal Richelieu

Absolutism Triumphs in France Growth of Absolutism Growth of Absolutism – Richelieu’s other goals: Destroy Huguenots Destroy Huguenots Weaken nobility Weaken nobility – Thirty Years’ War Gustavus Adolphus Gustavus Adolphus Peace of Westphalia Peace of Westphalia

Absolutism Triumphs in France Growth of Absolutism Growth of Absolutism – Louis XIV Chief minister: Cardinal Mazarin Chief minister: Cardinal Mazarin Frondes Frondes

Absolutism Triumphs in France Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV – Became his own chief minister – “I am the state”

Absolutism Triumphs in France Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV – Financial and military policies Jean-Baptiste Colbert Jean-Baptiste Colbert Reorganized French army Reorganized French army

Absolutism Triumphs in France Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV – Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Huguenots lost remaining freedom to worship Huguenots lost remaining freedom to worship Results Results

Absolutism Triumphs in France Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV – Life at Versailles “Sun King” “Sun King” Palace of Versailles Palace of Versailles Pride Pride Base and immoral conduct Base and immoral conduct

Absolutism Triumphs in France Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV Epitome of Absolutism: Louis XIV – Foreign policy Wars Wars Financial problems Financial problems – Louis XV

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Brandenburg-Prussia Brandenburg-Prussia – Its resources – Junkers – Frederick William “The Great Elector” “The Great Elector”

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Brandenburg-Prussia Brandenburg-Prussia – Frederick I Interested in the arts Interested in the arts Imitated Louis XIV Imitated Louis XIV “King in Prussia” “King in Prussia” – Frederick William I Increase in the size of the army Increase in the size of the army

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Brandenburg-Prussia Brandenburg-Prussia – Frederick II “Frederick the Great” “Frederick the Great” Tripled the size of the Prussian state Tripled the size of the Prussian state – Hohenzollern rulers

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Austria Austria – Habsburg rulers – Unable to create strong absolutist state Roman Catholic Church and nobility held great power Roman Catholic Church and nobility held great power Surrounded by aggressive neighbors Surrounded by aggressive neighbors Ruled many nationalities Ruled many nationalities

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Austria Austria – Joseph II Actions against the Roman Church Actions against the Roman Church

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Russia Russia – Ivan IV “the Terrible” Cruel and oppressive Cruel and oppressive Czar Czar – Romanov family

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Russia Russia – Peter I Wished to adopt Western ways Wished to adopt Western ways New capital called St. Petersburg New capital called St. Petersburg Great Northern War Great Northern War Seized greater control over Russian Orthodox Church Seized greater control over Russian Orthodox Church

Absolutism Spreads in Europe Russia Russia – Catherine II “the Great” Immoral and ambitious Immoral and ambitious Supported certain social reforms Supported certain social reforms Continued territorial expansion Continued territorial expansion

Absolutism Defeated in England Parliament Parliament James I James I – Expected conformity to Anglican Church – Believed he ruled by divine right – Disputed with Parliament

Absolutism Defeated in England Charles I Charles I – Continued to dismiss Parliament – Petition of Right (1628) – Tried to rule without Parliament for twelve years – Scotland rebelled

Absolutism Defeated in England Charles I Charles I – Forced to recall Parliament Concessions were made Concessions were made – Confrontation with Parliament Roundheads Roundheads Cavaliers Cavaliers Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell

Absolutism Defeated in England Parliamentary forces defeat Charles I Parliamentary forces defeat Charles I – Army refuses to disband – Cromwell’s forces take power – Charles is put to death – Rump Parliament – Protectorate

Absolutism Defeated in England – Instrument of Government – Cromwell’s son Richard was the second Lord Protector – Parliament invited Charles II to take the throne The Restoration The Restoration Parliament retained much of the power it had won Parliament retained much of the power it had won

Absolutism Defeated in England Charles II Charles II – Habeas Corpus Act – Tried to remain financially independent of Parliament

Absolutism Defeated in England James II James II – Catholic brother of Charles II – Elderly with two daughters – Had a son by his Catholic wife – Parliament invited William and Mary to take the throne – Glorious Revolution

Absolutism Defeated in England William III and Mary II William III and Mary II – Bill of Rights Forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholic Forbade future kings or queens from being Roman Catholic – Act of Settlement Parliament could grant the throne Parliament could grant the throne No longer a “divine right” No longer a “divine right”

Absolutism Defeated in England Future rulers: Future rulers: – Anne – George I – George II Cabinet government Cabinet government

Chapter 14: Pursuit of Power in Europe II. Balance of Power

Balance of Power Alliances Alliances Motives for war Motives for war Prussia always against Austria Prussia always against Austria England always against France England always against France

War of the Spanish Succession Causes Causes Grand Alliance Grand Alliance – Victorious at Blenheim and Gibraltar Queen Anne’s War Queen Anne’s War

War of the Spanish Succession Treaty of Utrecht Treaty of Utrecht – Philip retained throne in Spain only – Spain had to surrender some of its possessions to Austria – Britain won various Canadian territories from France

War of the Austrian Succession Pragmatic Sanction Pragmatic Sanction – Maria Theresa Began when Frederick II seized Silesia Began when Frederick II seized Silesia France, Spain, and England enter the war France, Spain, and England enter the war

War of the Austrian Succession Fighting occurred in North America and India Fighting occurred in North America and India Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle – Ended fighting – Status quo ante bellum

Seven Years’ War Diplomatic Revolution Diplomatic Revolution William Pitt’s strategy William Pitt’s strategy War in North America War in North America War in Europe War in Europe Treaty of Hubertusburg Treaty of Hubertusburg

Seven Years’ War Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris – France, Britain, Spain – France lost all territory on mainland of North America – France lost most of its commercial holdings in India

Seven Years’ War Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris – Spain lost Florida to Great Britain but received New Orleans and Louisiana from France – England emerged as a world power

Partition of Poland Diplomacy Diplomacy Prussia, Russia, and Austria Prussia, Russia, and Austria Poland disappeared from the map Poland disappeared from the map