Kingdom Plantae

All are EUKARYOTIC All are MULTICELLULAR All are AUTOTROPHIC (PHOTOSYNTHETIC) All have a CELL WALL made of CELLULOSE

Roots 2 main functions: ABSORB WATER & MINERALS ANCHOR PLANTS

Some roots also store FOOD

2 common types: 1. FIBROUS roots Clump of SHORT threadlike roots Grow in upper few INCHES of soil Examples: grass, wheat

2. TAPROOT SINGLE, LARGE central root Grow DEEP into the ground Examples: dandelions, carrots

Think About It … What type of root system does a cactus have? What do you know about the environment that cacti live in? How often does it rain? How much water is there?

Think About It … BOTH Extensive fibrous root system takes advantage of short periods of rain Taproot anchors plants and accesses water supplies deep in the ground

Root hairs: INCREASE the surface area of the root so that it can ABSORB MORE WATER

Stems 2 main functions: 1. SUPPORT LEAVES AND FLOWERS 2. TRANSPORT WATER AND NUTRIENTS

2 types of vascular tissue: XYLEM: transports WATER and MINERALS PHLOEM: transports SUGAR (food)

Plant Growth APICAL meristem: growing tissue at tips of ROOTS and STEMS Increases HEIGHT Called PRIMARY GROWTH

Plant Growth LATERAL meristem: Also called VASCULAR CAMBIUM Found between XYLEM & PHLOEM Increases WIDTH Called SECONDARY GROWTH

Leaves Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place

Leaf Structure Petiole: stalk attaching the BLADE to the STEM Blade: broad, FLAT portion of the leaf where most PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS

Leaf Structure Vein: VASCULAR BUNDLE (xylem & phloem) PARALLEL veins or BRANCHED veins

Cuticle: A WAXY LAYER THAT HELPS THE LEAF MAINTAIN WATER Mesophyll: RICH IN CHLOROPLASTS; SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Stomata: TINY HOLES IN LEAVES THAT ALLOW GAS EXCHANGE Guard cells: OPEN AND CLOSE THE STOMATA

Simple vs Compound Leaves Simple Leaf: ONE blade Compound Leaf: TWO or MORE blades, called LEAFLETS Palmate Pinnate

Reproductive Structures SPORES: asexual reproductive structures Examples: MOSSES and FERNS

sexual reproductive structures that contain an EMBRYO and FOOD SEEDS: sexual reproductive structures that contain an EMBRYO and FOOD Examples: GYMNOSPERMS and ANGIOSPERMS

CONE: protective container for seeds of a gymnosperm

FLOWER: reproductive organ for an angiosperm “Angie likes flowers”

Sterile Parts: Petal: ATTRACTS POLLINATORS Sepal: PROTECTS FLOWER BUD

Male Parts (STAMEN) Anther: PRODUCES POLLEN Filament: SUPPORTS ANTHER

Female Parts (PISTIL or CARPEL) Stigma: CATCHES POLLEN; OFTEN STICKY Style: CONNECTS STIGMA TO OVARY Ovary: CONTAINS THE EGGS (WHICH BECOME SEEDS)

Fruit A ripened OVARY HOUSE and PROTECT seeds May help DISPERSE seeds

2 major groups of plants 1. BRYOPHYTES: lack vascular tissue Obtain water by OSMOSIS Transport sugar by DIFFUSION SMALL in size Example: mosses

2 major groups of plants 2. TRACHEOPHYTES: contain vascular tissue (XYLEM & PHLOEM)

Examples of Tracheophytes Ferns

Examples of Tracheophytes Gymnosperms (CONE-bearing plants)

Examples of Tracheophytes Angiosperms (FLOWER- bearing plants)

Types of Angiosperms Monocots PARALLEL LEAF VEINS FIBROUS ROOTS FLOWER PARTS OCCUR IN MULTIPLES OF 3

Types of Angiosperms Dicots BRANCHED LEAF VEINS TAPROOTS FLOWER PARTS OCCUR IN MULTIPLES OF 4 OR 5