INSECT TAXONOMIC By: Devontaye reeves

INSECT ORDERS EPHEMEROPTERADIPTERA  ODONATASOPHONOPTERA BLATTARIAHYMENOPTERA ISOPTERAMANTODEA DERMATPTERAPLECOPTERA ORTHOPTERA PHASMIDA HEMIPTERA COLEOPTERA LEPIDOPTERA

EPHEMEROPTERA Physical Features Mayflies The name Ephemeroptera is derived from the Greek "ephemera" meaning short-lived, and "ptera" meaning wings. This is a reference to the short lifespan of most adult mayflies

ODONATA Dragonflies Dragonflies and Damselflies The name Odonata, derived from the Greek "odonto-", meaning tooth, refers to the strong teeth found on the mandibles of most adults.

BLATTARIA The Blattaria includes the roaches, from the six-inch tropical roaches of South America to their small cousins that are probably tiptoeing through your kitchen right now. There are about 4,000 species worldwide. Roaches arose in the Pennsylvanian period, about 280 million years ago, and have not changed much since. Compare the photograph of the living cockroach at the top of the page with this picture, depicting the 260 million-year-old, three-inch fossil roach Mylacris, and you'll see that roaches have not undergone any sweeping changes in their form in all that time, a phenomenon known to evolutionary biologists as stasis.

ISOPTERA Termites / White Ants The name Isoptera, derived from the Greek "iso" meaning equal and "ptera" meaning wings, refers to the similar size, shape, and venation of the four wings.

DERMATPTERA Labidura truncata inland form (LABIDURIDAE) Life Cycle Earwigs mate end to end, often grasping each other's pincers, Female earwigs are able to store sperm for several months before fertilisation. A female will lay hers eggs in a burrow she has excavated or in natural crevices in the soil, where she will stand guard protectively until the young hatch. The female guards the eggs from predators and constantly turns and cleans them, preventing fungus diseases. Upon hatching the young earwigs resemble small adults and remain under the protection of their mother for a short period of time. They must then disperse to new areas or risk being eaten by her

ORTHOPTERA The name Orthoptera is sometimes used for all the insects in the "orthopteroid" assemblage, including roaches, earwigs, mantises, and many others. However, it is more usual to restrict the Orthoptera (Greek for "straight-wing") to the crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, and their kin. These insects are instantly recognizable by their long hind legs, which are modified for jumping. Most orthopterans can generate noise by rubbing special organs together on their legs or on their wings, a habit known as stridulation. This photograph, taken with the UCMP Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope, shows the "file" -- a ridged vein on the wings of a mole cricket in the genus Oecantha. Mole crickets rub this file over another specialized structure on the other wing, the "scraper," to produce sound. Special membranes on the legs or on the abdomen allow orthopterans to hear these sounds, which are used in courtship."orthopteroid" roachesUCMP Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope

PHASMIDA Usually found on trees or shrubs Body and legs very long and slender; no wings in our spp. (one species in Florida has very short wings, many exotic forms are fully winged)

HEMIPTERA 2 pairs of wings, although some species may be wingless and others have only forewings. Wings are generally membranous but in some species the forewings may be hardened at the basemembranous Piercing or sucking mouthparts appearing as a sharply pointed tube known as a proboscis or rostrum, which extends from the underside of the headproboscisrostrum Compound eyes of various formsCompound eyes Up to 3 ocelli presentocelli Antennae vary and may be either short, or long and conspicuous The young of hemipterans look like small adults. Some bugs may be mistaken for beetles but can be distinguished by their mouthparts as beetles have mandibulate mouthparts while bugs have sucking/piercing mouthparts.mandibulatesucking/piercing This order is divided into 3 suborders; true bugs (Heteroptera); hoppers (Auchenorrhyncha) and; aphids, scale insects, lerps and mealy bugs (Sternorrhyncha).

COLEOPTERA Coleoptera is the largest order in the animal kingdom. It includes 40% of all insects and nearly 30% of all animal species. The smallest beetle is the fringed ant beetle, Nanosella fungi (family Ptiliidae). At 0.25 mm in length it is some 16 million times smaller in volume than the largest beetle, Goliathus giganteus (family Scarabaeidae), which may have a body length up to 10 cm. Two families of Coleoptera are bioluminescent (able to produce light). Fireflies (family Lampyridae) and glowworms (family Phengodidae) have light- producing organs in the abdomen. In some species, the females are wingless and larviform

LEPIDOPTERA Some butterflies (family Lycaenidae) are considered "endangered species". The Xerces blue (Glaucopsyche xerces) was last collected in 1943 from sand dunes near San Francisco, CA. This butterfly's name has been adopted by the Xerces Society, an organization dedicated to the preservation of endangered species. In flight, front and hind wings are linked together by a bristle (frenulum) or a membranous flap (jugum) so both wings move up and down in synchrony. According to folklore, larvae of the banded woollybear, Pyrrharctia isabella, can forecast the severity of winter weather. A wide brown band means the winter will be harsh, a narrow brown band means the winter will be mild. Adults of most Noctuidae and Arctiidae have "ears" in the thorax that help them detect and evade echo-locating bats. Some species of Arctiidae even produce high-pitched ticks that confuse the bats.

DIPTERA Immatures: Culiciform Head capsule present with chewing mouthparts Legs absent Vermiform (maggots) Without legs or a distinct head capsule Mouthparts reduced; only present as mouth hooks Adults: Antennae filiform, stylate, or aristate Mouthparts suctorial (haustellate) Mesothorax larger than pro- or metathorax One pair of wings (front); hind wings reduced (halteres) Tarsi 5-segmented

SIPHONOPTERA Adult: body dark, laterally flattened, wingless; hind legs adapted for jumping; mouthparts adapted for piercing skin and sucking blood; row of large bristles often present on head and/or thorax (called genal and pronotal combs) Larva: pale legless worm-like body covered with sparse bristles; head reduced, eyeless, with chewing mouthparts

HYMENOPTERA Chewing mouthparts - except in bees where maxillae and labium form a proboscis for collecting nectar. Compound eyes well developed. Tarsi usually 5-segmented. Triangular stigma in front wings. Hind wings smaller than front wings, linked together by small hooks (hamuli). Narrow junction (wasp waist) between thorax and abdomen - except in sawflies and horntails.

MANTODEA Filiform antennae Head triangular with well-developed compound eyes Mouthparts mandibulate, hypognathous Prothorax elongate with large, spiny front legs adapted for catching prey Front wings thickened, more slender than hind wings Tarsi 5-segmented Cerci short, multi-segmented

PLECOPTERA Antennae long, filiform Body flattened, legs widely separated Tracheal gills present as "tufts" behind the head, at base of legs, or around the anus Each segment of thorax is covered by a large dorsal sclerite Cerci long, multi-segmented

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