The Changing US -Tension between agriculture and industry -Processed food, ready-made clothes -Hatred between north and south -What to do with the freed slaves -Federal government held the power

What happens when you break the rules? How severe should the punishment be?How severe should the punishment be? –Conquered province or business as usual? How soon should the punishment be?How soon should the punishment be? –Immediately or cool down?

Key Questions 1. How do we bring the South back into the Union? 2. How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war? 3. How do we integrate and protect newly- emancipated black freedmen? 4. What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENTS PLAN TO REBUILD AND RE- ESTABLISH THE STATES OF THE FORMER CONFEDERACY RECONSTRUCTION

THREE PLANS FOR RECONSTRUCTION

President Lincoln’s Plan  When 10% of the 1860 voters took an oath of allegiance to the Union they could form new state governments and send representation to Congress  Wanted to bring the South back as quickly as possible- never left  Took a very lenient approach

President Andrew Johnson -Anti-Aristocrat and planter -Agreed with Lincoln that states had never legally left the Union. -No equality for freed slaves

President Johnson’s Plan More lenient than Lincoln’s PlanMore lenient than Lincoln’s Plan Take a simple oath of allegianceTake a simple oath of allegiance Offered Amnesty to nearly everyoneOffered Amnesty to nearly everyone Amnesty- Official PardonAmnesty- Official Pardon Except rich plantersExcept rich planters

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION (Congressional) Reconstruction Act of 1867 In order for a state to re-enter the Union they must: 1. Ratify the 13 th Amendment 1. Ratify the 13 th Amendment 2. Ratify the 14 th Amendment 2. Ratify the 14 th Amendment 3. Provide for universal manhood suffrage 3. Provide for universal manhood suffrage

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION (Congressional) 10 states divided into 5 military districts10 states divided into 5 military districts New constitution approved by majorityNew constitution approved by majority Ratify 13 th and 14 th AmendmentsRatify 13 th and 14 th Amendments “ironclad oath” = never aided confederacy“ironclad oath” = never aided confederacy

Carpetbaggers & Scalawags Carpetbagger = Northerners who went south after the Civil WarCarpetbagger = Northerners who went south after the Civil War Scalawag = Southern whites who co- operated with carpetbaggersScalawag = Southern whites who co- operated with carpetbaggers

Emancipation Proclamation Freed slaves in states that seceded from the Union immediatelyFreed slaves in states that seceded from the Union immediately

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)  Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.  Freedmen’s Bureau developed to feed and cloth the poor South

The Amendments

13 th Amendment  Ratified in December,  Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.  Ended Slavery.

14 th Amendment  Ratified in July,  Provide a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people.  Civil Rights for all people born in the United States  Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens!

15 th Amendment  Ratified in  The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  Right to vote for all of the freed slaves.  Women’s rights groups were furious that they were not granted the vote!

Growing Northern Alarm!  Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.  Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.  Revival of southern defiance. BLACK CODES

Black Codes  Purpose:  Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated.  Restore pre-emancipation system of labor and race relations.  Unjust laws  Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers [tenant farmers].

JIM CROW LAWS SOUTHERN SOCIETY BECAME INCREASINGLY SEGREGATEDSOUTHERN SOCIETY BECAME INCREASINGLY SEGREGATED MADE SEGREGATION OFFICIAL IN MOST AREAS OF THE SOUTHMADE SEGREGATION OFFICIAL IN MOST AREAS OF THE SOUTH LAWS WERE DEVELOPED TO KEEP AFRICAN AMERICAN INFERIORLAWS WERE DEVELOPED TO KEEP AFRICAN AMERICAN INFERIOR SOCIETY BECAME COMPLETELY DIVIDED BY COLORSOCIETY BECAME COMPLETELY DIVIDED BY COLOR

THE KU KLUX KLAN - FORMED AFTER THE CIVIL WAR -DISENFRANCHISED PLANTERS AND CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS -AIMED AT KEEPING AFRICAN- AMERICANS INFERIOR

The “Invisible Empire of the South”

- FARMER AND FAMILY WORKED A PLOT OF LAND - RECEIVED A SHARE OF THE CROPS IN RETURN - A “GLORIFIED SYSTEM OF SLAVERY” SHARECROPPING

Sharecropping

Tenancy & the Crop Lien System Furnishing MerchantTenant FarmerLandowner  Loan tools and seed up to 60% interest to tenant farmer to plant spring crop.  Farmer also secures food, clothing, and other necessities on credit from merchant until the harvest.  Merchant holds “lien” {mortgage} on part of tenant’s future crops as repayment of debt.  Plants crop, harvests in autumn.  Turns over up to ½ of crop to land owner as payment of rent.  Tenant gives remainder of crop to merchant in payment of debt.  Rents land to tenant in exchange for ¼ to ½ of tenant farmer’s future crop.

Panic of 1873 Gave Americans something else to worry aboutGave Americans something else to worry about

1876 Presidential Tickets

1876 Presidential Election

The Political Crisis of 1877  “Corrupt Bargain”

PLESSY VS. FERGUSON - SUPREME COURT RULED SEGREGATION WAS LEGAL IF THERE WERE EQUAL FACILITIES - KNOWN AS THE “SEPARATE BUT EQUAL DOCTRINE” - LEGALIZED RACISM (SPREAD TO ALL AREAS OF LIFE )