LOOP SLIDESHOW What is attachment? A close two-way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their own emotional security.

Name three characteristics of attachment…

Name three characteristics of attachment… 1. Proximity people try to stay physically close to those to whom they are attached. 2. Secure-base behaviour even when we are independent of our attachment figures we tend to make regular contact with them. Infants display secure-based behaviour when they regularly return to their attachment figure while playing. 3. Separation distress people are distressed when an attachment figure leaves their presence.

Homework: Read article on the Role of the father. Summarise article in two paragraphs

Attachment “Caregiver-infant interactions in humans: reciprocity and interactional synchrony. Stages of attachment identified by Schaffer. Multiple attachments and the role of the father”

Attachment: Caregiver-infant interactions in humans AO1Define the terms ‘reciprocity’ and ‘interactional synchrony’. Outline the stages of attachment identified by Schaffer. AO2Apply the stages of attachment to real life examples. AO3Argue whether the role of the father is really important in families today.

What do you think the terms ‘reciprocity’ and ‘interactional synchrony’ mean in relation to attachment?

Definitions Reciprocity Interactions between carers and infants result in mutual behaviour, with both parties being able to produce responses from each other, which also helps to fortify the attachment bond. Interactional synchrony Infants move their bodies in tune with the rhythm of carers’ spoken language to create a kind of turn-taking, as seen with two-way vocal conversations. This again serves to reinforce the attachment bond.

Two truths and a lie Klaus & Kennel (1975): mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (lasting several hours each day) in the first 3 days after birth were found to cuddle their babies more and made greater eye contact with them than the mums with lesser contact; effects still noticeable a year later. Papousek et al. (1991) found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was only found in Western cultures. Melzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements.

Two truths and a lie Klaus & Kennel (1975): mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (lasting several hours each day) in the first 3 days after birth were found to cuddle their babies more and made greater eye contact with them than the mums with lesser contact; effects still noticeable a year later. Papousek et al. (1991) found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was only found in Western cultures. Melzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements.

What does that mean? Klaus & Kennel (1975): mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (lasting several hours each day) in the first (…) Papousek et al. (1991) found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in (…) Melzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2-3 weeks (…) This suggests that greater physical contact leads to stronger and closer bond formation. This suggests that ‘caregiverese’ is an innate, biological device to facilitate the formation of attachments. This supports the idea that infant mimicry is an innate ability to aid the formation of attachments.

So what? Klaus & Kennel (1975): mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (lasting several hours each day) in the first 3 days after birth were found to cuddle their babies more and made greater eye contact with them than the mums with lesser contact; effects still noticeable a year later. This suggests that greater physical contact leads to stronger and closer bond formation. AO3 (Real life application): What could be done in hospital post-delivery to encourage the formations of attachments between mothers and their newborn babies?

So what? Papousek et al. (1991) found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross- cultural, as American, Chinese and German mothers all exhibited the behaviour. This suggests that ‘caregiverese’ is an innate, biological device to facilitate the formation of attachments. AO3: Is it only mothers that use this type of language with their young? Does it specifically help people form attachments with infants?

What does that mean? Melzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements. This supports the idea that infant mimicry is an innate ability to aid the formation of attachments. AO3: There is supporting research – Isabella et al. (1989) – what was found?

Two truths and a lie Found that infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements. Found that the tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in the interaction was cross-cultural, as American, Chinese and German mothers all exhibited the behaviour. Mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (lasting several hours each day) in the first 3 days after birth were found to cuddle their babies more and made greater eye contact with them than the mums with lesser contact; effects still noticeable a year later. Klaus & Kennel (1975):Papousek et al. (1991)Melzoff & Moore (1977)

What are the three research studies on infant-caregiver interactions? 1.Klaus & Kennel (1975) 2.Papousek et al. (1991) 3.Melzoff & Moore (1977)

What are the three research studies on infant-caregiver interactions? 1.Klaus & Kennel (1975): mums who have extended physical contact with their babies (first 3 days after birth) tended to cuddle more vs. those who didn’t. 2.Papousek et al. (1991) tendency to use a rising tone to show an infant that it was their turn in (‘caregiverese’) was cross-cultural. 3.Melzoff & Moore (1977) found that infants aged 2-3 weeks tended to mimic adults’ specific facial expressions and hand movements.

Who do children first become attached to? At what age do you think this happens?

Who do children first become attached to? Schaffer & Emerson (1964) found that the majority of babies did become attached to their mother first (around 7 months). Within a couple of weeks or months formed secondary attachments to other family members, including the father. 75% of infants studied, an attachment was formed by 18 months. How do you think attachment was tested here, to prove there was an attachment?

Preferring other humans to objects and events. Discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling at more known people. Infants form strong emotional ties other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers. The fear of strangers weakens, attachment to mother remains strongest. Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to particular people and showing stranger anxiety. Birth – 3 months 3- 7/8months 7/8 months – onwards 9 months - onwards

Preferring other humans to objects and events. Discriminating between familiar and unfamiliar people, smiling at more known people. Infants form strong emotional ties other major caregivers, like grandparents, and non-caregivers. The fear of strangers weakens, attachment to mother remains strongest. Infants begin to develop specific attachments, staying close to particular people and showing stranger anxiety. Birth – 3 months – pre-attachment 9 months – onwards – multiple attachment phase 7/8 months – onwards – discriminate attachment phase 3- 7/8months – indiscriminate attachment