© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Socialization in the Self and Mind

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society Makes Us Human Feral Children Isolated Children Institutionalized Children Deprived Animals

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Feral Children Raised by Animals Unable to Speak Walk on all Fours

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The relative influence of heredity and the environment in human behavior has fascinated and plagued researchers. Twins intrigue researchers, especially those twins who were separated at birth.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. One of the reasons I went to Cambodia was to interview a feral child—the boy shown here—who supposedly had been raised by monkeys. When I arrived at the remote location where the boy was living, I was disappointed to find that the story was only partially true. When the boy was about two months old, the Khmer Rouge killed his parents and abandoned him. Months later, villagers shot the female monkey who was carrying the baby. Not quite a feral child—but Mathay is the closest I’ll ever come to one.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Isolated Children Language is the key to human development; without language, people have no mechanism for developing thought and communicating their experiences. Without language there can be no culture—no shared way of life—and culture is the key to what people become.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Institutionalized Children Skeels and Dye discovered that orphanages that did not stimulate social interaction affected a child’s ability to develop social skills. “High intelligence” depends on early, close relations. The Skeels/Dye study has been confirmed in Indian orphanages. At some point, maybe age 13, children are not able to receive enough socialization to help them develop normally.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. A child in an orphanage in Juba, Sudan. The treatment of this child is likely to affect his ability to reason and to function as an adult.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Deprived Animals Rhesus monkey experiments demonstrate the importance of early socialization and a consequence of isolation being the inability to socialize with other monkeys. Humans are not monkeys, but it confirms data from isolated humans. This process by which we learn the ways of society (or of particular groups), called socialization, is what sociologists have in mind when they say, “Society makes us human.”

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Like humans, monkeys need interaction to thrive. Those raised in isolation are unable to interact with other monkeys. In this photograph, we see one of the monkeys described in the text. Purposefully frightened by the experimenter, the monkey has taken refuge in the soft terrycloth draped over an artificial “mother.”

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Socialization into the Self and Mind Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Mead and Role Taking Piaget and the Development of Reasoning Global Aspects of the Self and Reasoning

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Cooley notes that our sense of self develops from interaction with others. Although the self-concept begins in childhood, its development is an ongoing, lifelong process.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society Within Us: The Self and Emotions as Social Control The ways in which we express our emotions are culturally determined: social class, gender, our culture, the setting can all affect if and how we express ourselves. Your social mirror, then—the result of your being socialized into a self and emotions— sets up effective internal controls over your behavior.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Socialization into Gender Learning the Gender Map Gender Messages in the Family Gender Messages from Peers Gender Messages in the Mass Media

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning the Gender Map Gender: Attitudes and Behaviors Expected of Us Because We are Male/Female Gender Map/Gender Socialization

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Messages in the Family Our parents are the first to introduce us to the gender map. Sometimes they do this consciously, perhaps by bringing into play pink and blue, colors that have no meaning in themselves but that are now associated with gender. On the basis of our sex, our parents give us different kinds of toys.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. It is in the family that we first learn how to do gender, how to match our ideas, attitudes, and behaviors to those expected of us because of our sex. This photo is from Papua New Guinea.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Messages from Peers One of the most powerful sources of influence is the peer group, individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests. Peer Groups –Girls reinforce images of appearance and behavior appropriate for females –Boys police one another’s interests and ways of discussing sex and violence

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The gender roles that we learn during childhood become part of our basic orientations to life. Although we refine these roles as we grow older, they remain built around the framework established during childhood.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sokol (Zhire) Zmajli, aged 80, changed her name from Zhire to the male name Sokol when she was young. She heads the family household consisting of her nephew, his wife, their sons, and their wives.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Messages in the Mass Media A major guide to the gender map is the mass media, forms of communication that are directed to large audiences. A key part of gender is body image, and the mass media are effective in teaching us what we “should” look like. While girls are presented as more powerful than they used to be, they have to be skinny and gorgeous and wear the latest fashions.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Messages in the Mass Media Sociologists have begun to study how video games portray the sexes, but we know little about their influence on the players’ ideas of gender. The message of male dominance continues, as females are even more underrepresented in video games than on television: 90 percent of the main characters are male. From an early age, you have been bombarded with stereotypical images of gender. If you are average, you are exposed to a blistering 200,000 commercials a year.

© 2014, 2012, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The mass media not only reflect gender stereotypes but they also play a role in changing them. Sometimes they do both simultaneously. The image of the “new” Lara Croft not only reflect women’s changing role in society, but also, by exaggerating the change, it molds new stereotypes.