Stephen W. Watts Northcentral University

Art and Science of Teaching Pedagogy Definition History Theory Andragogy Definition History Theory Pedagogical Characteristics Andragogical Characteristics Paradigm Shift Implications References

Pedagogy Definition: The word comes from the Greek and literally means "to lead the child". History: Learning for over a millennium has involved four-walls, a teacher, and students. Theory: “Pedagogy describes the traditional instructional approach based on teacher-directed learning theory” (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001, Introduction, para. 3). “Pedagogy is generally considered the art and science of teaching children” (Keengwe & Georgina, 2012, p. 368).

Andragogy Definition: The word comes from the Greek and literally means “to lead or guide the adult”. History: Originally coined by Alexander Kapp in 1833 Flows philosophically from Plato Introduced in the U.S. by Malcolm Knowles book, The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (1973). Considered by most a teaching paradigm rather than an overarching theory at this time.

Andragogy Theory: “Andragogy describes the [instructional] approach based on self-directed learning theory” (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001, Andragogy, para. 1). Andragogy “is based on the fundamental tenet that adult learners are different from children and adolescent learners” (Guilbaud & Jerome-D’Emilia, 2008, p. 113). “Andragogy focuses on the unique goals and interests of learners as adults” (Keengwe Georgina, 2012, p. 368).

Pedagogy: Teacher-directed Learning (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001; Mintor, 2011) Subject-centered Learning (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001) Child-centered Learning (Commonwealth of Learning, 2000) Extrinsically Motivated (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001; Mintor, 2011) Directive Teaching (Mintor, 2011) Passive Learning (Mintor, 2011) Highly Structured (Mintor, 2011) Lower-level Thinking Focus (Mintor, 2011)

Andragogy Learner or Self-directed Learning (Anderson, 2008; Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001; Guilbaud & Jerome-D’Emilia, 2008; Keengwe & Georgina, 2012; Kenner & Weinerman, 2011; Mintor, 2011; Ruey, 2010; Zemke & Zemke, 1995) Adult-centered Learning (Commonwealth of Learning, 2000; Guilbaud & Jerome-D’Emilia, 2008; McGlone, 2011; Mintor, 2011) Task or Problem-centered Learning (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001; Kenner & Weinerman, 2011; Zemke & Zemke, 1995) Primarily Intrinsically Motivated (Gibbons & Wentworth, 2001; Keengwe & Georgina, 2012; Kenner & Weinerman, 2011; Mintor, 2011) Learner-focused Teaching (Guilbaud & Jerome-D’Emilia, 2008; Mintor, 2011; Ruey, 2010) Interactive learning (Keengwe & Georgina, 2012; Mintor, 2011; Ruey, 2010; Zemke & Zemke, 1995) Life Relevant Learning (Keengwe & Georgina, 2012; Kenner & Weinerman, 2011; Mintor, 2011; Ruey, 2010; Zemke & Zemke, 1995)

Implications for Online Learning There is no single model for online learning either in terms of technology or delivery. Pedagogy and andragogy can be seen as a continuum between teacher-directed versus learner-directed learning. There are no true pedagogical or andragogical learners Kindergartner learning their ABCs Grandparent learning to use Skype to talk with their grandkids

Trends Interest is the single emotion that drives learning at any age. It is possible to learn through trial-and-error, gaining experience, and constructing knowledge. It is possible to learn by approaching a master and learning through his or her expertise.

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