PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook The University of West Alabama Managing Human Resources Bohlander Snell 14 th edition Copyright © 2007 Thomson/South-Western. All rights reserved. Employee Selection

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–2 Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1.Explain the objectives of the personnel selection process. 2.Identify the various sources of information used for personnel selection. 3.Compare the value of different types of employment tests. 4.Illustrate the different approaches to conducting an employment interview. 5.Describe the various decision strategies for selection.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–3 Matching People and Jobs Selection  The process of choosing individuals who have relevant qualifications to fill existing or projected job openings. Selection Considerations  Person-job fit: job analysis identifies required individual competencies (KSAOs) for job success.  Person-organization fit: the degree to which individuals are matched to the culture and values of the organization.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–4 Figure 6–1 The Goal of Selection: Maximize “Hits”

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–5 Figure 6–2 Steps in the Selection Process Note: Steps may vary. An applicant may be rejected after any step in the process. Completion of application Initial interview in HR department Employment testing (aptitude, achievement) Background investigation Preliminary selection in HR department Supervisor/team interview Medical exam/drug test Hiring decision

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–6 The Selection Process Obtaining Reliable and Valid Information  Reliability  The degree to which interviews, tests, and other selection procedures yield comparable data over time and alternative measures.  Validity  Degree to which a test or selection procedure measures a person’s attributes.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–7 Reliability as Stability over Time HIGH RELIABILITY TESTRETEST APPLICANTSCORESCORE Smith9093 Perez6562 Riley Chan8078 VERY LOW RELIABILITYTESTRETEST APPLICANTSCORE SCORE Smith9072 Perez6588 Riley11067 Chan80111

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–8 Reliability as Consistency (Interrater Reliability) HIGH RELIABILITY APPLICANTRater #1Rater #2Rater #3 Smith988 Perez565 Riley455 Chan888 VERY LOW RELIABILITY APPLICANTRater #1Rater #2Rater #3 Smith956 Perez594 Riley427 Chan842

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–9 Valid and Invalid Tests

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–10 Approaches to Validation Criterion-related Validity  The extent to which a selection tool predicts, or significantly correlates with, important elements of work behavior.  A high score indicates high job performance potential; a low score is predictive of low job performance. Concurrent Validity  The extent to which test scores (or other predictor information) match criterion data obtained at about the same time from current employees.  High or low test scores for employees match their respective job performance.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–11 Approaches to Validation Cross-validation  Verifying the results obtained from a validation study by administering a test or test battery to a different sample (drawn from the same population). Validity generalization  The extent to which validity coefficients can be generalized across situations.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–12 Approaches to Validation (cont’d) Content validity  The extent to which a selection instrument, such as a test, adequately samples the knowledge and skills needed to perform a particular job.  Example: typing tests, driver’s license examinations Construct validity  The extent to which a selection tool measures a theoretical construct or trait.  Are difficult to validate  Example: creative arts tests, honesty tests

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–13 Steps in Validating a Test (Criterion-Related Validity) Examination of the job Job analysis/specifications Selection of criteria Relate test scores to criterion data, then cross validate Plan research for test (continuing cross validation) Collect criterion data (concurrent method) Selection of tests for tryout Administer tests Analyze follow-up data Interpret results for operational use of tests Include test(s) in selection process (operational) Revise operational program Collect criterion data (predictive method) OR Alternative/ optional

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–14 Sources of Information about Job Candidates Application Forms Online Applications Biographical Information Blanks (BIB) Background Investigations Polygraph Tests Integrity and Honesty Tests Graphology Medical Examinations Employment Tests Interviews

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–15 Application Forms Application date Educational background Experience Arrests and criminal convictions Country of citizenship References Disabilities Weighted application blank (WAB) The WAB involves the use of a common standardized employment application that is designed to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful employees.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–16 Online Applications An Internet-based automated posting, application, and tracking process helps firms to more quickly fill positions by:  Attracting a broader and more diverse applicant pool  Collecting and mining resumes with keyword searches to identify qualified candidates  Conducting screening tests online  Reducing recruiting costs significantly

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–17 Biographical Information Blanks Sample Questions:  At what age did you leave home?  How large was the town/city in which you lived as a child?  Did you ever build a model airplane that flew?  Were sports a big part of your childhood?  Do you play any musical instruments?

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–18 Background Investigations Checking References  Mail and telephone checks  Specific job-related information  Letters of reference  Online computerized databases  Failure to check references  Negligent hiring liabilities

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–19 Background Investigations (cont’d) Organizations using credit reports must: 1.Advise and receive written consent from applicants if a report will be requested. 2.Provide a written certification to the consumer reporting agency as to the purpose of the report. 3.Provide applicants a copy of the consumer report as well as a summary of their rights under the CCRRA. 4.Must provide an adverse-action notice a person if that person is not hired and contact information related to the reporting agency.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–20 Figure 6–6 Integrity Test Question Examples Note: The number of items in each category was 2, 8, 13, and 9 respectively. Source: Stephen Dwight and George Alliger, “Reactions to Overt Integrity Test Items,” Educational and Psychological Measurement 57, no. 6 (December 1977): 937–48, copyright © 1997 by Sage Publications, Inc. Reprinted with the permission of Sage Publications, Inc.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–21 Background Investigations (cont’d) Graphology  The use of a sample of an applicant’s handwriting to make an employment decision. Medical Examinations  Given last as they can be costly.  Ensure that the health of an applicant is adequate to meet the job requirements.  Provides a baseline for subsequent examinations  Testing for illegal drugs is allowed.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–22 Employment Tests Employment Test  An objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior that is used to gauge a person’s knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) in relation to other individuals.  Pre-employment testing can lead to lawsuits.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–23 Classification of Employment Tests Cognitive Ability Tests  Aptitude tests  Measures of a person’s capacity to learn or acquire skills.  Achievement tests  Measures of what a person knows or can do right now. Personality and Interest Inventories  “Big Five” personality factors:  Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–24 Figure 6–7 Is That Your Final Answer? Verbal 1. What is the meaning of the word “surreptitious”? a. covertc. lively b. windingd. sweet 2. How is the noun clause used in the following sentence? “I hope that I can learn this game.” a. subjectc. direct object b. predicate nominative d. object of the preposition Quantitative 3. Divide 50 by 0.5 and add 5. What is the result? a. 25c. 95 b. 30d What is the value of 1442? a. 12c. 288 b. 72d Answers: 1a, 2c, 3d, 4d

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–25 Figure 6–7 Is That Your Final Answer? (cont’d) Reasoning 5.______ is to boat as snow is to ______. a. Sail, skic. Water, ski b. Water, winterd. Engine, water 6.Two women played 5 games of chess. Each woman won the same number of games, yet there were no ties. How can this be? a. There was a forfeit.c. They played different people. b. One player cheated.d. One game is still in progress. Mechanical 7.If gear A and gear C are both turning counterclockwise, what is happening to gear B? a. It is turning counterclockwise. b. It is turning clockwise. c. It remains stationary. d. The whole system will jam. Answers: 5c, 6c, 7b

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–26 Figure 6–8 CPI Personality Facets and Sample Items Agreeableness  Trust—I believe people are usually honest with me. Conscientiousness  Attention to detail—I like to complete every detail of tasks according to the work plans. Extroversion  Adaptability—For me, change is exciting. Neuroticism  Self-confidence—I am confident about my skills and abilities. Openness to Experience  Independence—I tend to work on projects alone, even if others volunteer to help me. Source: Mark J. Schmit, Jenifer A. Kihm, and Chet Robie, “Development of a Global Measure of Personality,” Personnel Psychology 53, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 153–93.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–27 Classification of Employment Tests (cont’d) Physical Ability Tests  Must be related to the essential functions of the the job. Job Knowledge Tests  An achievement test that measures a person’s level of understanding about a particular job. Work Sample Tests  Require the applicant to perform tasks that are actually a part of the work required on the job.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–28 The Employment Interview Why the interview is so popular:  It is especially practical when there are only a small number of applicants.  It serves other purposes, such as public relations  Interviewers maintain great faith and confidence in their judgments.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–29 Interviewing Methods Nondirective Interview  The applicant determines the course of the discussion, while the interviewer refrains from influencing the applicant’s remarks. Structured Interview  An interview in which a set of standardized questions having an established set of answers is used.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–30 Interviewing Methods (cont’d) Situational Interview  An interview in which an applicant is given a hypothetical incident and asked how he or she would respond to it. Behavioral Description Interview (BDI)  An interview in which an applicant is asked questions about what he or she actually did in a given situation. Panel Interview  An interview in which a board of interviewers questions and observes a single candidate.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–31 Interviewing Methods (cont’d) Computer Interview  Using a computer program that requires candidates to answer a series of questions tailored to the job.  Answers are compared either with an ideal profile or with profiles developed on the basis of other candidates’ responses. Video interviews  Using video conference technologies to evaluate job candidates’ technical abilities, energy level, appearance, and the like before incurring the costs of a face-to-face meeting.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–32 Highlights in HRM 2

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–33 Figure 6–9 Variables in the Employment Interview

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–34 Ground Rules for Employment Interviews Establish an interview plan Establish and maintain rapport Be an active listener Pay attention to nonverbal cues Provide information freely Use questions effectively Separate facts from inferences Recognize biases and stereotypes Control the course of the interview Standardize the questions asked

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–35 Figure 6–10 “Can-Do” and “Will-Do” Factors in Selection Decisions

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–36 Reaching a Selection Decision Selection Considerations:  Should individuals to be hired according to their highest potential or according to the needs of the organization?  At what grade or wage level to start the individual?  Should selection be for employee- job match, or should advancement potential be considered?  Should those not qualified but qualifiable be considered?  Should overqualified individuals be considered?  What effect will a decision have on meeting affirmative action plans and diversity considerations?

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–37 Selection Decision Strategies Multiple Cutoff Model - Minimum Statistical Approach Compensatory Model - Average Multiple Hurdle Model- Sequential Clinical Approach ObjectivityObjectivity SubjectivitySubjectivity

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–38 Selection Decision Models Compensatory Model  Permits a high score in one area to make up for a low score in another area. Multiple Cutoff Model  Requires an applicant to achieve a minimum level of proficiency on all selection dimensions. Multiple Hurdle Model  Only applicants with sufficiently high scores at each selection stage go on to subsequent stages in the selection process.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–39 Selection Process (cont’d) Selection Ratio  The number of applicants compared with the number of people to be hired. Cutoff Score  The point in a distribution of scores above which a person is considered and below which a person is rejected.

Copyright © 2007 South-Western. All rights reserved.6–40 Selection Process (cont’d) Final Decision  Selection of applicant by departmental or immediate supervisor to fill vacancy.  Notification of selection and job offer by the human resources department.