Vulcanized Rubber  Charles Goodyear  1844  Process of refining rubber and other polymers into a useable form  Made it retain elasticity and withstand lower temperatures

Bessemer Steel Making Process  Henry Bessemer  1855(56)  First inexpensive industrial process for refining and mass producing steel Pig iron must be refined before it is strong enough to be of use The Bessemer process removes impurities

Dynamite  Alfred Nobel  1867  Discovered a way to combine nitroglycerin with a stabilizing agent- made it into a paste- gave the previously volatile substance industrial applications  Nobel left his vast fortune to sponsor awards for advances in the sciences Nobel peace prizes

Induction Motor and Alternating Current  Nikola Tesla  1888  Originally worked with Edison but broke off to follow his own lines of experimentation  Induction motor enabled the mass production of machinery

Steam Engine  James Watt  1769  Did not create the steam engine- but saw the inefficiency  Improved condensing chamber so as to lose less energy

Steam Boat  Robert Fulton  1807  Did not create the first steam boat, but perfected it for commercial uses  The Clermont- 150 miles in 32 hours

Bicycle  Baron von Drais  1817  Invented to help him get around the royal German gardens faster  Pushed with your feet  Followed by the Velocipide had pedals  Became a practical, inexpensive method of transportation

Dirigible  Henri Giffard  1852  French engineer  Connected a small steam powered engine to a large propeller, topped at 5 mph

Elevator  Elisha Otis  1853  Did not invent the first elevator  First freight elevator and braking system that eventually made skyscrapers possible

Airplane  Orville and Wilber Wright  Dec. 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina  12 second flight  First powered, controlled flight

Ford’s Model T  Henry Ford  1909  Did not invent the automobile or the assembly line, but created cars affordable to the masses  First gasoline engine 1885 Karl Benz

Telegraph  Samuel Morse  1837  Developed from crude, earlier models- submitting electrical current over wire  Morse code in 1838

Photography  Louis Daugerre  1839  Captured images by exposing plates to mercury and silver nitrate- decreased exposure time from previous attempts

Typewriter  Christopher Sholes  1868  Wisconsin newspaper man  Improved after initial patent and manufactured starting in 1871  Easier for mass production of media- magazines, newspapers, etc.

Phonograph  Thomas Alva Edison  1878  Came from his work with the telegraph and telephone  Recorded sound waves onto a metal cylinder

Telephone  Alexander Graham Bell  1876  Vast potential far exceeded that of the telegraph

Wireless Telegraph  Guglielmo Marconi  1897  Goal was to use radio waves to transmit Morse code signal as used for conventional wired telegraphs  Received a Nobel prize in 1909

Canning Process  Nicholas Appert  1810  Won the French prize for discovering a new method for preserving food

Sewing Machine  Elias Howe  1846  New apparatus made stitches uniform and increased output- industrialized textile industry

Light Bulb/Electric Light  Thomas Alva Edison  1879  Tested 3,000 different methods for developing an incandescent light bulb

Kinetescope  Thomas Alva Edison  1891  Ribbon of pictures run at speed through a camera opening  One of many attempts at moving pictures of the day

Discussion  What do you think is meant by the phrase “Necessity is the Mother of Invention?”  Why do you think these inventions came about at these specific times?