GCSE PE. Revision Presentation.

Part 1: The Human Body. CONTENTS

Contents: The Skeleton The Skeleton Bones The Spine The Spine Joints Synovial Joint Synovial Joint Connective Tissues Connective Tissues Muscles Muscle Contraction Muscle Contraction The Respiratory System The Respiratory System Respiratory System – Key Terms Respiratory System – Key Terms Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Lactic Acid Blood Vessels Blood Vessels Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells White Blood Cells Platelets Plasma Double Circulatory System Double Circulatory System Cardiovascular System – Key Terms Cardiovascular System – Key Terms

The Skeleton: It has 5 different functions: 1. Support, 2. Gives shape to the body, 3. Protection – protects organs (e.g. brain), 4. Movement, 5. Makes blood cells. CONTENTS

Bones: Four different types: 1. Long, e.g. femur. 2. Short, e.g. carpals. 3. Flat, e.g. some bones in the skull. 4. Irregular, e.g. vertebrae. CONTENTS

The Spine: Spine consists of 5 different sections: 1. 7x Cervical vertebrae, Neck 2. 12x Thoracic vertebrae, 3. 5x Lumbar vertebrae, 4. 1x Sacrum, 5. 1x Coccyx. Pelvis CONTENTS

Joints: A joint is: “The point of connection between two bones in the skeleton, allowing movement.”

Joints: There are 3 types of JOINT: 1. Fixed/Immovable Joint – e.g. bones in the skull 2. Slightly Movable Joint – e.g. vertebrae 3. Freely Movable Joint – e.g. shoulder

Joints – 6 types of movable joint: JointMovementExample Ball & Socket Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & rotation Hip, Shoulder Hinge Flexion & extension Knee, Elbow PivotRotationNeck Condyloid Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction Wrist Gliding Move a little in all directions Tarsals, Carpals Saddle Some movement Thumb CONTENTS

Synovial Joint: Also known as freely movable joint. SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE CARTILAGE JOINT CAPSULE SYNOVIAL FLUID LIGAMENT CONTENTS

Joints – 6 types of joint movement: MovementDefinition ExtensionOpening a joint FlexionClosing a joint Adduction Move limb towards centre of body Abduction Move limb away from centre of body Rotation Turning limb clockwise or anticlockwise Circumduction Circular movement of a limb CONTENTS

Connective Tissue: 3 types of connective tissue: 1. Cartilage: Between bones to stop them rubbing. 2. Ligaments: Connect bone to bone. 3. Tendons: Attach muscle to bone. CONTENTS

Muscles – 3 different types: Type Where Found? DefinitionExample CardiacHeart Works automatically – never tires Heart Muscle Involuntary Around organs Works automatically Intestines, blood vessels VoluntaryAttached to skeleton Under your control Biceps, hamstrings CONTENTS

Antagonistic Muscles: For movement, 2 muscles need to pull in opposite directions. Antagonistic muscle pairs work against each other. 1 muscle shortens, the other relaxes. E.g. bicep contracts, tricep relaxes to flex (bend) the arm, as in a bicep curl. CONTENTS

Muscle Contraction: 2 types of muscle contraction: 1. Isometric Contraction: Muscle stays same length, nothing moves. e.g. wall stand 2. Isotonic Contraction: Muscle changes length, there is movement. e.g. tennis serve CONTENTS

The Respiratory System: Oxygen goes from air to alveoli in this order: Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli. This is where gas exchange takes place AirNose/MouthTrachea

How we breathe: Inspiration (Breathing in): Diaphragm pulls down, Intercostal muscles contract, Air pressure in lungs in reduced, Air sucked through respiratory system to lungs, Chest expands.

How we breathe: Expiration (Breathing out): Diaphragm relaxes, Intercostal muscles relax, Chest becomes smaller, Pressure in lungs increases, Air is forced out. CONTENTS

Key (Respiratory) Terms: Oxygen Debt: A deficit of oxygen in the body, caused by exercise. The debt must be repaid during recovery. Vital Capacity: Amount of air that can be breathed out after a deep breath in. Tidal Volume: Amount of air breathed in or out during normal breathing. CONTENTS

Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic exercise = exercise using oxygen. Aerobic respiration to provide working muscles with oxygen. Used for long periods of exercise, over 60 seconds. Used for sports such as: long distance running. CONTENTS

Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic Exercise = exercise without oxygen. Used for short periods of exercise, when maximum effort is needed for a short time. Produces lactic acid as a waste product Used for sports that last for between seconds. Sporting examples: shot putt, triple jump. CONTENTS

Lactic Acid: It is produced as a waste product from anaerobic respiration. Causes fatigue in the muscles if allowed to build up. CONTENTS

3 types of blood vessel: Artery Vein Capillary

Arteries: Arteries carry blood Away from the heart. Thick, strong, elastic walls. High pressure in the arteries. Carry oxygenated blood, except the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood.

Veins: VeINs carry blood IN towards the heart. Thinner walls than arteries. Blood in veins at a lower pressure than in arteries. Veins have valves to stop the blood flowing backwards. Carry deoxygenated blood, except the pulmonary vein, which carries oxygenated blood.

Capillaries: Carry food & oxygen to the body tissues. Take waste products away from these tissues. Capillaries are very small and have very thin walls. CONTENTS

Red Blood Cells: What do they do? They carry oxygen around the body. CONTENTS

White Blood Cells: What do they do? They fight against disease by destroying: “Bad” bacteria, Toxins, Foreign Microbes. CONTENTS

Platelets: What are they? Small fragments of cell. What do they do? Help to clot the blood at wounds/cuts. CONTENTS

Plasma: What does it do? It carries everything in the bloodstream. Yes, EVERYTHING, including: Blood cells, Digested food, Waste products (e.g. Carbon Dioxide), Hormones.

The Double Circulatory System: This is a double circulatory system. One circuit takes blood from the heart to the lungs and back again. The other takes blood from the heart to the body and back. The Heart is the pump that pumps the blood in both circuits. CONTENTS

Key (Cardiovascular) Terms: Heart rate : The rate at which the heart beats. Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle in 1 contraction. Cardiac Output: The amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute. CONTENTS