Gender-Responsive Budgeting and Fiscal Decentralization: Why Gender Matters C. Mark Blackden Office of the Sector Director, PREM, Africa Region Workshop on Gender-Responsive Budgeting and Fiscal Decentralization World Bank Institute April 3, 2002

Outline Rationale for gender budgets Relevance of gender for budgeting & decentralization socio-economic roles of men and women gender-based asset disparities (gender dimensions of poverty) policy implications engendering priority actions

Engendering Budgets - Why? ‘ ‘ ‘ Budget as core instrument of policy, which defines &/or reflects priorities Institutional role: gender belongs in the Ministry of Finance (Econ. Management) Men and women have different roles, capacities, access to resources, & priorities ‘ Economic policies (including budget) have different impacts on men and women

Uganda: Gender Intensity of Production Source: Based on Elson and Evers 1997.

The “Double Workday” of Women Source: Benin --Time Allocation Study, UNDP, 1998

Zambia: Transport Tasks 63% 18% 19% Domestic Travel Time (%) Women Men Other hours per adult female per day Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA.

Adult Illiteracy Source: World Development Indicators, 2001.

Men and Women in Parliament Source: International Parliamentary Union, Are women more or less well repre- sented at lower levels?

Source: UNAIDS, June HIV/AIDS Prevalence Rates by Age (15-24) and Gender, Selected SSA Countries Source: UNAIDS, June

Because, in gendered economies, disparities persist in men’s and women’s access to and control of human, economic, and social assets … … gender-based inequality limits economic growth and diminishes the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts. Key Policy Implications: 1

Gender inequality and economic growth Cameroon: Rice vs. Sorghum Women do not control the income from rice production, and prefer the less remunerative task of sorghum production where they control the income. Total household income is lower than it could be. Burkina Faso: Agricultural Production Key inputs (fertilizer and manure) are unevenly distributed. IF existing resources were shifted between men’s and women’s plots, output up by %

Source: “Engendering Development” (PRR) 2001, in WDR 2000/01, “Attacking Poverty” Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaMiddle East/North Africa Average annual growth in per capita GNP, (percent) Closing the gender gap in schooling boosts economic growth Actual growth rate Projected growth rate

Key Policy Implications: 2 Because household and market economies co-exist & are interdependent... … trade-offs and linkages within and across “sectors” are very significant

Engendering Priority Actions: 1 Gender as criterion for inclusive participation in setting poverty reduction policy and budget priorities (& local level): “gender-responsive budget” (GRB) initiatives gender-based “benefit incidence” analysis gender inclusion in budget decisions (MTEF?) Gender as criterion for prioritizing expenditure choices (agenda setting): pro-poor growth targeting agriculture & informal sector (female-dominated sectors) reorient research/extension, financial services, production & labor-saving technology

Engendering Priority Actions: 2 Concurrent investment in the household economy reduces poverty and is highly relevant for growth & productivity: water/sanitation, domestic energy, transport (IMT), & labor-saving technology Concurrent investment in gender- inclusive human development: education, literacy, vocational skills health, nutrition, fertility grassroots management training (GMT)

Investments in water and fuel infrastructure significantly reduce time on collection activities Potential average annual time savings Lusaka Rural (Zambia) Kaya (Burkina Faso) Mbale (Uganda) Kasama* (Zambia) Dedougou* (Burkina Faso) Annual time savings (hours per household) Potable water within 400m Woodlots within 30 mins walk Water and fuel investments significantly reduce collection time * Kasama & Dedougou already within the target for water. Source: Barwell 1996, in Engendering Development, PRR, 2001.