Slavery in Antebellum America

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Presentation transcript:

Slavery in Antebellum America APUSH (Pageant Chapter 16)

Cotton is King! Cotton Gin- Revives Slavery South and Others Profit From Cotton Cotton ½ of all American Exports after 1840 Produced more than ½ of world supply 75% of British cotton Quick profits from Cotton led to more fields/slaves

Slave Cotton Production Slave Cotton Production 1860 Slave Cotton Production 1820

Cotton is King! (cont.) Dangerous (unstable) one-crop economy Over-speculation of land and slaves Small farmers had to sell land to large plantations Moved west for fresh land

Planter “Aristocracy” By 1850: ¼ of Southern whites owned slaves 1,733 families owned 100+ slaves 89,732 families owned 10-99 255,288 owned 10 or less ¾ of whites- owned 0 slaves Back Country/Mountain Valleys Subsistance Farming “poor white trash”, “hillbillies” Poor whites often defended slavery Hope of social mobility/pure racism

Planter “Aristocracy” Southern Oligarchy Government by the few Plantation women Commanded sizeable household staff

Free Blacks 250,000 Southern Free Blacks 250,000 Northern Free Blacks Bought Freedom Emancipated after Revolution Some owned slaves Eternally vulnerable 250,000 Northern Free Blacks Unpopular- Job Competition

Slave Life- The “Peculiar Institution” By 1860- 4 million slaves International Slave Trade illegal Smuggling- If caught, acquittal almost guaranteed Growth through natural reproduction Deep South- “Black Belt” Majority or near majority of inhabitants blacks SC, FL, MS, AL, LA Sizeable Mulatto Population Slave Life- The “Peculiar Institution”

Slave Life- Continued Slave Auctions Most revolting aspect of slavery Separation of families- Psychologically damaging Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Slave Life- Continued Conditions varied, but all: Hard work, ignorance & oppression Floggings “difficult” slaves sent to breakers Family life persisted Marriages (not recognized by law) Large plantations provided better chance of staying together Distinct African American slave culture Mix of Christianity & African culture I.E. Responsorial preaching

Slave Rebellions Rebellions led to Southern Paranoia 1800 in VA- Revolt led by Gabriel Prosser Betrayed by informers- leaders hung 1822 in SC- Denmark Vessey (Free Black) Betrayed by informers- 30 hung 1832- Nat Turner’s Rebellion Uprising- Killed 60 Virginians- Mostly women and Children Leaders Killed Slaves began “Quiet” Rebellion - Sabotage of machinery, slow down work, stealing goods

Abolitionist Movements Beginnings- Quakers During Rev War American Colonization Society- 1817 Transported back to Africa Liberia 1822 Second Great Awakening- spread cause Weld- “Burned over distric” Arthur and Lewis Tappan- Wealthy NY Merchants Lyman Beecher- Lane Theological Seminary (Ohio) Father of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Catharine Beecher

Radical Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator 30 year anti-slavery newspaper, started 1831 Uncompromising- Only immediate and complete end of slavery would do Angelina and Sarah Grimke Worked for Garrison Had grown up on a wealthy southern plantation First hand knowledge of the horrors of slavery Wendell Phillips American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) “Abolition’s Golden Trumpet” Refused to wear cotton or eat sugar cane

Black Abolitionists David Walker Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) Called for bloody end to white supremacy Sojourner Truth- Freed Black Woman Fought for emancipation and women’s rights “Ain’t I a Woman Too?” Frederick Douglass- Escaped Slave “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass” Wonderful Speaker Backed Liberty Party and Free Soil Party Founder of “The North Star”- abolitionist newspaper

Southern Reaction to Abolition 1830’s- tightened slave codes Followed Nat Turner’s Rebellion Nullification Crisis- 1832 Paranoia- no tolerance for abolitionists 1836- “Gag Resolution” Anti-slavery appeals tabled without debate in Congress JQ Adams fought to repeal for 8 years 1835- Post Office Allowed to burn abolitionist literature in South

Northern Reaction to Abolition Love of Constitution Slavery a lasting bargain Disliked talk of secession Economic Stake Shipping and Textiles Southern planters owed $300 to northerners Hostility toward radical abolitionists Elijah P. Lovejoy killed in mob in Boston (1837) Most just opposed extending slavery to the west “Free Soilers”