Goal 5 Part 3 Immigration

Why come to America? Escaping religious, economic and religious persecution = 20 million European immigrants America – land of opportunity

Immigration Patterns Before 1890 (Old Immigrants) came from WESTERN and NORTHERN Europe After 1890 (New Immigrants) came from SOUTHERN and EASTERN Europe Immigrants = “birds of passage” U.S. (New Immigrants)– “open arms!!!” Why?

Changing Patterns of Immigration The old immigrants 10 million immigrants came between 1800 and Known as the old immigrants, they came from Northern and Western Europe. Most were Protestant Christians, and their cultures were similar to the original settlers. They came to have a voice in their government, to escape political turmoil, for religious freedom, or fleeing poverty and starvation. Most immigrants came for economic opportunity, attracted to the open farm land in the United States. Chinese immigrants had been lured by the gold rush and jobs building railroads. The new immigrants From 1880 to 1910, a new wave brought 18 million people to America. Most came from Southern and Eastern Europe. They were Roman Catholics, Orthodox Christians and Jews. Arabs, Armenians, and French Canadians came as well. Smaller numbers came from East Asia. Severe immigration laws reduced Chinese immigration, but 90,000 people of Chinese descent lived in the U.S. by Japanese immigrants arrived by way of Hawaii. The makeup of the American population had changed. By 1910 about 1 in 12 Americans were foreign-born.

Immigration stations Ellis Island *GOLDEN DOOR Chief immigration station from ) inspection station at New York Harbor (East Coast) (Europeans) / 1 2 million European immigrants Barn-like structure **Northeast and Midwest America – experienced the FASTEST growth due to immigration! Angel Island-San Francisco Asians, primarily Chinese, West Coast

Ellis Island (Golden Door) Inspection Station

ANGEL ISLAND-SAN FRANCISCO

Melting Pot - “Melting Pot”-assimilation describes America as a mixture of culture and people who blended together-soup! Cultural Pluralism- you integrate without losing culture and beliefs-salad bowl! Side effect = NATIVISM (introduced by Know- Nothing Party) Nativism - anti-immigrant feeling Religion– differences in religion caused “nativism” to be an issue more than anything else! U.S BEGINS TO THINK ABOUT RESTRICTIONS!!!!

Immigration Restriction *Prescott Hall (1894) – founded the Immigration Restriction League points out the “Right” and “Wrong” countries Right – Britain, Germany, Scandinavian, (progressive/energetic –can help American economy) Wrong – Any Latin country (stagnant –cannot help American economy) REMEMBER-Social Darwinism- applies to people as well as businesses- individuals should succeed through their own efforts!

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Gentlemen’s Agreement ( ) Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)- FIRST major federal law LIMITING immigration to the U.S. banned all entry of the Chinese except students, teachers, doctors Main reasoning? Gentlemen’s Agreement ( ) – Story: Japanese students were in segregated schools in California Agreement: Japanese government limited immigration into America IF Japan and U.S could agree to lift segregated schools!!!!

Chinese Exclusion Act

Urbanization Urbanization - the growth of cities Why would immigrants settle in the cities? -cheapest place to live -offered jobs to unskilled workers *Side effect of urbanization: leads to URBAN PROBLEMS!!!!

Other Urban Problems (SIDE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION) Transportation – fixed by “mass transit” systems (Subway, Trolley) Water – chlorination filters Sanitation – developed sewer lines and sanitation departments Crime – police forces Fire – fire departments

Housing problems How the Other Half Lives BY: Jacob Riis - points out the multifamily urban-dwelling lifestyle (tenements) / (overcrowded and unsanitary) Tenements – overcrowding and unsanitary urban housing (NO EDUCATION)

T.Q. Where was the source of the GREATEST number of immigrants to the United States in early 1900? a. Southern and Eastern Europe b. Northern and Western Europe c. Mexico and California d. China and Japan

Urban Problems

Social Welfare Reformer Settlement Houses  led mostly by **JANE ADAMS** (HULL HOUSE) (most famous) Settlement Houses - community centers that assisted “poor immigrants” / provided educational, cultural, and social expectancies to fit into American society. (ASSIMILATION/AMERICANIZTION) *Difference between Tenement and Settlement House???

Jane Adams’ Hull House, Chicago Illinois

 Know Nothing Party -The party’s members worked during the late 1850s to limit the voting strength of immigrants, keep Catholics out of public office, and require lengthy residence before citizenship  Chinese Exclusion Act of Under pressure from, which had already barred Chinese from owning property or working at certain jobs, Congress passed this law sharply limiting Chinese immigration.  “Gentlemen’s Agreement”- In 1907 President Roosevelt reached an informal agreement with under which that nation-Japan- halted emigration of its people to the US.  Literacy Tests-In 1917 Congress enacted a law barring any immigrant who could not read or write  Emergency Quota Act of This law sharply limited the number of immigrants to the each year to about 350,000.  National Origins Quota Act of 1924-This law further reduced immigration and biased it in favor of those immigrants from northern and western.  National Origins Act of 1929-This act further limited immigration to 150,000 people a year.

Nativists Anti-Immigrant! and theAnti-Catholic “Know Nothing Party” Scenes from Gangs of NY

Politics in the Gilded Age Goal 5 Part 4

What is the Gilded Age? CORRUPTION Coined by Mark Twain  Timeframe: 1870s-1890s that mocks the “greed” and “self-indulgence” of American people. PROBLEM: Rapid urbanization under inefficient government

The Political Machine Political machine: an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in a city Offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support (MAJOR CORRUPTION!!!!) Leader: Political Boss Reasons for success: Controlled business licenses & jobs *Fixed urban problems (examples?) Made people happy!

Immigrants and the Political Machine Why would immigrants SUPPORT Political Machines?  Political machines and bosses provide “ANSWERS” to immigrants questions and concerns! A. Helped with the “naturalization” process (attaining full citizenship) B. Helps with finding JOBS Each new immigrant represented another voter. This attracted the attention of political machines, like Boss Tweed -head of New York City’s Tammany Hall.

Graft/Corruption Graft: illegal use of political influence for personal gain (political machines) Bribes, corruption, extortion, fraud! Most Famous:  TWEED RING SCANDAL corrupted Democratic political machine Boss Tweed, became head / boss of Tammany Hall, New York’s political Machine Story: Overcharge the construction of a New York Courthouse ($13 million) when it officially cost only ($3 million) - $10 million goes to the machine and workers “The way to have power is to take it.” - Boss Tweed

“Tammany Tiger Loose” - Thomas Nast

Patronage is “REPLACED” by Civil Service (REFORM!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) Patronage : giving of government jobs to people who helped a candidate get elected (CORRUPTION)  Example: Andrew Jackson’s Spoils System  Solution: move into a “merit” system of hiring  Remember: Patronage / Spoils System / Graft = all the same! Civil Service: (government administration) giving government jobs based on being the most qualified, merit system Civil Service = good / based on merit Patronage = bad / based on corruption

**Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)** (1) Replaced patronage with civil service (2) Destroyed the Spoils System! (3) Federal jobs are given through a merit system, and performance based testing! (*) STRONGEST legislation that attempted to fix the Gilded Age (corruption)

Reforming Elections Getting average citizens more “directly” involved in politics 4 actions to get the average citizen more involved in politics (1) Initiative – a bill generated by the “people” (2) Referendum – a “vote” on the bill, or initiative (3) Recall – people had the right to “remove” a government official out of office to face another election (4) Primary-voters select candidates instead of party bosses (5) 17 th Amendment – Direct election of Senators OVERALL PURPOSE: REFORM! / fixing corruption / Reforming elections got the “average citizen” more involved in politics

What is considered the STRONGEST attempt by the federal government to clean up the state government in the late 1800s? a. By outlawing political bosses and political machines b. By eliminating campaign contributions and graft c. By passing the Sherman Anti-Trust Act d. By passing the Pendleton Civil Service Act