Chapter 43 The Body’s Defenses Lymphocytes

I. Innate Immunity A.The First Line, _________ Defenses –1.The ______ and ________ membranes are our primary defense. Sweat glands keep the skin pH at 3-5, too ______ for most microbes. Tears, saliva, and mucous have antimicrobial proteins including _______ which destroy bacteria.

B.The Second Line… –1.The ___________response includes localized swelling, redness, and heat of inflammation. Chemical signals draw clotting factors and _______ cells from the blood into the damaged tissue. 2. _________ is in tears, saliva and mucous.

–3. Cellular _______ ________ include: a. __________ white blood cells and antimicrobial proteins. b._____________ proteins can lyse foreign cells. c. __________ interferes with a viruses ability to reproduce.

–Phagocytic cells and ________ _______ cells are on the prowl… a. ________(WBC’s) are attracted to the area of infection by chemical signals given off by infected cells.(__________) b. ________ migrate into tissues and become macrophages- (big eaters) Phagocytosis

c. ________ attack larger parasitic invaders like the liver fluke. d. ______ _______ cells destroy virus infected body cells and abnormal cells that might become cancerous. »They don’t “eat” the cells, they attack the cell membrane and lyse the cells.

II.The Specific Line of Defense A._________(B and T cells) are the key cells of the third line of defense against disease. –1.___ ___________ include a. plasma cells -produce antibodies against specific antigens(foreign proteins) b. _______ cells which circulate for years= immunity!

2.___ _____________ include a. _________ T cells -destroy infected cells and cancer cells by recognizing the foreign antigens on their surface. b. _________ T cells -alert the immune system when an infection has taken place.

-When we have an infection, the foreign proteins on the surface of the invader, called ________, are recognized by our B and T cells. -The B cells produce ________ to bind to antigens and prevent the invader from entering healthy cells. -The T cells bind to the ________ that are displayed on our own cells and destroy your infected cell.

Immune Tolerance for Self Immune cells are monitored to assure that they do not have receptors for proteins already present in the body. If they do, they are destroyed by programmed cell death. The _______ to distinguish self from _______ is critical to survival. The immune system exhibits the critical feature of _____-________. Failure of this feature can lead to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, ________, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis.

III. Immune Responses A.________ immunity involves B cell activation and results from the production of antibodies in the blood.(respond to free bacteria, viruses and toxins in the blood) B. ______ ________ immunity depends on the action of T cells.(respond to bacteria and viruses within infected cells and also against fungi, protozoa, and parasitic worms) C.The _____ ____ cell is necessary for both types of immune responses because they activate both the B cells and the T cells.

IV. Immunity in Health and Disease A. _________ immunity is conferred from recovering from an infectious disease or artificially through _________. (chicken pox) B._________ immunity results when antibodies are transferred from one person to another(mother to child) (rabies injection)

V.HIV A.Human immunodeficiency virus causes ________, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. –1.People with AIDS have a ______ immune response and become susceptible to __________ diseases. –2.38 million are infected and 24 million have died. –3.There is no ________ in sight. –4.The creation of ‘________” is a problem when two infected individuals engage in activities that create multi-drug resistant strains of the virus. HIV infected T cell

B. The _____ attacks the Helper T cell, thus eliminating the “_______” of the immune system. The body becomes unable to mount an immune response. –1.AIDS sufferers typically die of “___________” diseases like pneumonia. –2.Even the flu can be ________ because of the lack of an immune response.

VI. Emergent Diseases A. An ______ __________ is an infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or that has been known for some time but is rapidly ___________ in incidence or geographic range.

VII. What’s Next… A. Advances in molecular biology promise to provide new __________ for disease. –1.Genetically engineered ________ work against tumor necrosis factor, the substance that causes rheumatoid athritis and Crohn’s disease. –2.__________ antibodies are effective against certain cancers like lymphomas. –3.New advances are just around the corner…