LA NEUROSINTAXIS 3 15 ABR 2011 – DÍA 38 Neurolingüística del español SPAN 4270 Harry Howard Tulane University

ORGANIZACIÓN DEL CURSO Neurospan/ El curso es apto para un electivo en neurociencia. Neurolinguistics and linguistic aphasiology está en reserva en la biblioteca. Human Research Protection Program Before beginning research at Tulane University, all research personnel must complete the CITI Training Program; this can be completed at 04/15/11 2 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

REPASO 04/15/11 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University 3

NEUROCOGNITIVE MODEL OF AUDITORY SENTENCE PROCESSING 04/15/11 4 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

B RODMANN AREAS IN THE LEFT HEMISPHERE 04/15/11 5 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University Inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) = green, Superior temporal gyrus (STG) = red Middle temporal gyrus (MTG) = blue

EL SISTEMA The "10" and "20" refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front-back or right-left distance of the skull. Each site has a letter to identify the lobe and a number to identify the hemisphere location. The letters F, T, C, P and O stand for Frontal, Temporal, Central, Parietal, and Occipital, respectively. Note that there exists no central lobe, the "C" letter is only used for identification purposes only. A "z" (zero) refers to an electrode placed on the midline. Even numbers (2,4,6,8) refer to electrode positions on the right hemisphere, whereas odd numbers (1,3,5,7) refer to those on the left hemisphere. Two anatomical landmarks are used for the essential positioning of the EEG electrodes: first, the nasion which is the point between the forehead and the nose; second, the inion which is the lowest point of the skull from the back of the head and is normally indicated by a prominent bump. 04/15/11 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University 6

T HE LAN Left anterior negativity Phase 2 ( ms) 04/15/11 7 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

OVERVIEW The LAN component is observed with: morphosyntactic errors filler-gap dependencies 04/15/11 8 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

AGREEMENT VIOLATIONS IN ENGLISH (OSTERHOUT & MOBLEY 1995) Verbs must agree with their subjects in number The elected officials {hope/*hopes} to succeed. Reflexive pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number and gender Number: The hungry guests helped {themselves/*himself} to food. Gender: The successful woman congratulated {herself/*himself} on the promotion. 04/15/11 9 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

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ALSO … with English pronouns marked incorrectly for case, Coulson et al. (1998), with German nouns not agreeing with their articles, Gunter et al. (2000), with Spanish nouns not agreeing with their articles, Barber & Carreiras (2005) etc. 04/15/11 13 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

N400 A negative-going peak about 400 ms after the target word which generally has a central parietal maximum also phase 2 04/15/11 14 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

SAMPLE STIMULI His face was contorted by an angry frown. His face was contorted by an angry cloud. His face was contorted by an angry map. 04/15/11 15 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

Grand mean difference waveforms constructed by subtraction of the ERPs elicited in the literal condition from those elicited in the metaphoric (thin lines) and anomalous conditions (thick lines) at Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz, Oz, FC5, CP5, FC6, and CP6. 04/15/11 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University 16

P600 centroparietal positivity Phase 3 ( ms) aka Syntactic Positive Shift 04/15/11 17 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

OVERVIEW Initially observed in the context of parsing breakdown a variety of different syntactic violations, ‘garden path’ sentences Initially considered to index the detection of a syntactic anomaly More recent research suggests that it indexes integration syntactic elements 04/15/11 18 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

PARSING The process of analyzing a sequence of words to determine its grammatical structure with respect to a grammar. The gladiator married the slave. [S The gladiator married the slave] [S [NP The gladiator] married the slave] [S [NP The gladiator] [VP married the slave]] [S [NP The gladiator] [VP married [NP the slave]]] 04/15/11 19 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

A SYNTACTIC VIOLATION What is the difference between these two? The broker hoped to sell the stock. *The broker persuaded to sell the stock. (2) has a subcategorization violation. “to persuade” takes a direct object + “to” phrase “to hope” only takes “to” phrase "to" in (2) has a N400, followed by a P600 04/15/11 20 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

GARDEN PATH SENTENCES The horse raced past the barn fell. The horse [V raced past the barn fell. The horse [Adj raced past the barn fell. The old man the boat. The old [N man the boat. The old [V man the boat. The man whistling tunes pianos. The man whistling [N tunes pianos. The man whistling [V tunes pianos. The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. The cotton clothing [main is made of grows in Mississippi The cotton clothing [sub is made of grows in Mississippi 04/15/11 21 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

GARDEN PATH JOKES Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana. What has four wheels and flies? A garbage truck. 04/15/11 22 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

GARDEN PATH ERPS What is the difference between these two? The broker persuaded to sell the stock was sent to jail. *The broker hoped to sell the stock was sent to jail. You are led up the garden path "was" in (2) has a N400, followed by a P600 04/15/11 23 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

FILLER-GAP (OR WH) DEPENDENCIES What’s the difference? The father knows that his son likes pizza for breakfast. The father knows what his son likes for breakfast. What does the father know that his son likes for breakfast? Where’s the gap in (b, c)? The father knows that his son likes pizza for breakfast. The father knows what his son likes ___ for breakfast. What does the father know that his son likes ___ for breakfast? 04/15/11 24 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

FILLER-GAP DEPENDENCIES & P600 What’s the difference? Emily wondered whether the performer in the concert had imitated a pop star for the audience's amusement. Emily wondered which pop star the performer in the concert had imitated for the audience's amusement. Emily wondered which pop star the performer in the concert had imitated __ for the audience's amusement. P600 observed at verb which subcategorizes for the gap 04/15/11 25 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

THE P600’S AMPLITUDE COULD INDEX … reactivation of the filler syntactic confirmation of subcategorization semantic interpretation of the verb and the filler 04/15/11 26 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

WHICH SHOULD HAVE HIGHEST AMPLITUDE P600? (ANALYSIS NEXT SLIDE) The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew that the shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the lineup. The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew which accomplice the shrewd witness would recognize in the lineup. The lieutenant knew that the detective hoped that the shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the lineup. The lieutenant knew which accomplice the detective hoped that the shrewd witness would recognize in the lineup. 04/15/11 27 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew [s that the shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the lineup] control for next sentence The detective hoped that the lieutenant knew [s which accomplice the shrewd witness would recognize __ in the lineup] short distance between filler and gap, i.e. no clausal boundary crossed The lieutenant knew [s that the detective hoped [s that the shrewd witness would recognize the accomplice in the lineup]] control for next sentence The lieutenant knew [s which accomplice the detective hoped [s that the shrewd witness would recognize __ in the lineup]] long distance between filler and gap, i.e. one clausal boundary crossed 04/15/11 28 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University

GRAND AVERAGE ERP RESPONSES AT THE FINAL VERB 04/15/11 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University 29 Short-distance conditions (left) and long-distance conditions (right). Wh-dependency conditions are shown in red, control conditions in blue. Topographic maps are based on average voltage differences between the wh-dependency and control conditions at successive 200 ms time intervals.

EL PRÓXIMO DÍA P11 Neurosintaxis del español 04/15/11 30 SPAN Harry Howard - Tulane University