PHILOSOPHY PRINCIPLES ETHICS

Philosophy - refers to the system of concepts, principles, and values that drive what it is

Concept –Stone (1986) Guiding Healing Facilitating Modifying Restructuring Developing Influencing communicating

Process concept Individual is unique People has dignity Our experiences are different Counseling is educational in nature Helping is a process with own structure and systems Helping relationship is important

RELATIONSHIP –PROBLEM AND EXPERTISE

Concept -conclusion Achieving something Human services –human as unit Relationship of two „different‟ individual Process –dynamic Technique –assist in achieving goal

principles NO PERSON MAY DECIDE FOR ANOTHER WHAT OCCUPATION HE SHOULD CHOOSE BUT IT IS POSSIBLE TO HELP HIM TO APPROACH THE PROBLEM THAT SHALL COME TO WISE CONCLUSION FOR HIMSELF (FRANK PARSON, 1909)

PRINCIPLES … GUIDANCE DOES NOT MEAN THAT OLDER PEOPLE WILL IMPOSE IDEAS UPON CHILDREN; THE BUSINESS OF THE TEACHER IS RATHER TO PROVIDE THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH EACH CHILD WILL MAKE FOR HIMSELF THE SRIES OF CHOICES WHICH WILL DETERMINE HIS COURSE OF LIFE. BREWER (1918)

PRINCIPLES DO NOT GIVE ADVICE (when doing counseling) … WHAT THE COUNSELEE NEEDS IS ABILITY TO HANDLE SITUATIONS, HIMSELF, NOT ADVICE TO FOLLOW (try not to give advise as necessary as possible) WATSON & SPENCE (1930)

COUNSELLING PRINCIPLES Proses pendidikan terancang dan berterusan Perkhidmatan untuk semua (dengan atau tanpa masalah) Keperluan bagi perkembangan potensi Bagi memahami diri dan orang lain(untuk apa?)

Sambungan prinsip Orientasi sekarang dan masa depan Sedar kelemahan fokus kekuatan Pengalaman membentuk individu Kesepadauan JERI Berpanduankan etika (ada dokumen piawai)

Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (1984) telah mengariskan prinsip-prinsip bimbingan dan kaunseling yang sesuai digunakan di Malaysia seperti berikut:- 1. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah proses pendidikan. Ia juga merupakan proses yang dirancang dan berterusan. 2. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk semua penuntut. Setiap penuntut mempunyai peluang bagi mendapat pertolongan tanpa mengira latar belakangnya dan tanpa mengira kaum, agama atau kepercayaan. 3. Penuntut mempunyai hak untuk mendapatkan pertolongan apabila perlu. 4.Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk melayani keperluan- keperluan penuntut bagi perkembangan potensi-potensi dan kebolehanya. 5.Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah untuk menolong penuntut memahami dirinya dan orang lain dengan mendalam, menjelajah tujuan-tujuan hidupnya dan menolong memilih dan merancang hidupnya dengan berkesan.

6. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah berorientasikan masa depan dan sekarang. 7. Bimbingan dan kaunseling menolong individu menyedari kelemahan-kelemahannya dan memberi fokus kepada kekuatan-kekuatannya, 8. Pembentukan individu dipengaruhi oleh keseluruhan pengalaman. 9. Bimbingan dan kaunseling adalah pengetahuan dan kesepaduan psikofizikal penuntut. Ini bermakna kesepaduan di antara perasaan, sikap, akal dan rohani. 10. Bimbingan dan kaunseling hendaklah dijalankan berdasarkan etika kaunseling yang baik. Mematuhi etika adalah untuk tujuan memelihara kebajikan supaya ia tidak dianiya oleh yang menolongnya.

Code of ethics This Code of Ethics expresses the ethical principles and values of the Counselling Association and serves as a guide to the professional conduct of all its members. It also informs the public which they serve of the standards of ethical conduct for which members are to be responsible and accountable

Antara kepentingan etika kaunseling ialah ; Sebagai garis panduan tatalaku kepada ahli dalam menjalankan tugasnya agar sebarang kerumitan undang-undang dapat dijauhi. Etika penting sebagai perlindungan kepada ahli daripada sebarang tindakan yang boleh menyebabkan kemarahan orang awam (public condemnation) Memberi perlindungan kepada orang awam terutama klien daripada sebarang tindakan yang tidak profesional oleh ahli yang boleh menganggu gugat kesejahteraan hidupnya.

Basic ethical guideline –Kitchener (1984) Respect for autonomy Non maleficience Beneficence Justice fidelity

RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY Respect for inherent freedom and dignity of each person Free to make choice for themselves A person without freedom is a person without dignity A person is responsible for him or herself Autonomy has limit –one’s action cannot interfere with the freedom of others and autonomy must be based on an understanding and meaning of implication of one’s choice

Nonmaleficence Avoiding harm and preventable risks Use techniques that will not harm client Competency of helper Client must not worse off than he or she began!

BENEFICENCE Responsible to do good to client and society at large (potential client) Limit of competency Promote public welfare

JUSTICE Obligation to act fairly Recognize dignity of all people Avoid bias in professional action “Justice means treating equals equally and unequal unequally, in proportion to their inequality” (Kitchener, 1984) Avoid prejudice of gender, race, religion, economic status

FIDELITY Faithfulness to the promises made and to the truth Loyalty –place client interest ahead of our own Role of trust –as client is vulnerable

Code of Ethics -basis Local values Not a static document Respect for dignity of a person Based on right and opportunities Responsibility for community Integrity in relationship

KOD ETIKA -PERKAMA Am Penyelidikan dan Penerbitan Perhubungan Kaunselor Perundingan Khidmat Persendirian Latihan Perkhidmatan Personalia Pengukuran dan Penilaian

RUJUKAN anduan/cover.htm Bab 2: Bacaan tambahan