Reactions to World War I and the Treaty of Versailles

Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles Based on your readings and viewing of the World War I videos, which world regions would be considered the winners of the Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles? Why? Based on your readings and viewing of the World War I videos, which world regions would be considered the losers of the Paris Peace Conference/Treaty of Versailles? Why?

The Rise of Nationalist Movements After World War I

The Middle East - Turkey 1923: Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Ataturk) forms nationalist government Expels large Greek population; Armenian Genocide Abolishes sultanate Turkey is a secular republic Introduced European laws Suppressed Muslim courts and schools Women gain equal rights (vote, elections)

The Middle East - the Mandate System Arabs expect self- determination b/c of contributions to Allies victory Compromise between Wilson’s Fourteen Points and colonization Mandates – British and French temporarily take control of Middle East while it recovers Increased Arab resistance to mandates Syria, Iraq, Lebanon

The Middle East – Mandate System Balfour Declaration British promised Zionists (promoted Jewish homeland) and Arab Muslims a “Homeland” if they support Allies in WW1 Promised same territory Neither gets what they were promised Other changes: Growth of rural populations Nomads disappear from desert Adopt European education, style, urban planning (Cairo)

Southeast Asia – Vietnam Early 20 th Century: French colonize Indochina and get rid of resistance efforts Introduce Western-style education, democracy Rise in communism from Chinese influence Emergence of resistance groups Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth – led by Ho Chi Minh Vietnamese Nationalist Party – Nguyen Thai Hoc

Sub-Saharan Africa – General Trends WW1 increased nationalist movements by weakening European powers Colonies provide: food, raw materials, troops, fill posts previously reserved for Europeans After WW1, Europeans kept few promises of economic improvement Rise of African-led strikes and civil disobedience

South Asia Indian National Congress led push for independence from Britain 1919: gain power over provincial (regional) governments from Britain Mohandas Gandhi Stressed non-violent protests, boycotts, strikes, non- cooperation Satyagraha 1920s – 1930s – surge of protests and strikes