Cardiovascular System Heart: hollow muscular organ, pumps blood full of nutrients throughout the body – Arteries: carry blood away from the heart Capillaries: smaller vessels, microscopic, exchange of nutrients – Veins: carry blood back to the heart Venules: connect capillaries to veins

Cardiovascular System Pulse: the surge of blood that the heart is pumping out to your body Venous Blood: deoxygenated blood, that is going back to the heart Arterial Blood: Oxygenated blood, leaving the heart and going out to the body

Capillaries Microscopic vessels, join the arterial and venous system. – Thin walls – Easily exchange water, gases, molecules, metabolites, and waste

Vascular System Valves: small structures within veins that prevent the backflow of blood

Heart Pericardium: sac that encloses the heart Tissue Layers: – Endocardium, Myocardium, epicardium

Heart Four Chambers: Right Atrium, Left Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Ventricle

Blood flow through the Heart Superior Vena Cava and Inferior Vena Cava bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart pouring it into the Right Atrium

Blood flow through the Heart From the Right Atrium blood passes through the Tricuspid Valve and into the Right Ventricle

Blood flow through the Heart From the Right Ventricle blood is pumped through the Pulmonic Valve into the Left Pulmonary Artery and Right Pulmonary Artery and travels into the lungs

Blood in the Lungs Pulmonary Artery branches into millions of capillaries lying close to Alveolus and carbon dioxide in the blood is exchanged for oxygen

Lungs to the Heart Oxygen rich blood leaves the lungs in the Right Pulmonary Vein and Left Pulmonary Vein, these vessels pour the blood into the Left Atrium

Blood flow through the Heart From the Left Atrium blood passes through the Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve and into the Left Ventricle

Blood flow away from the Heart From the Left Ventricle blood enters into the Aorta through the Aortic Valve and out into the body

Aortic Arch 3 main branches: Brachiocephalic trunk, Left common carotid artery, Left subclavian artery

Important Structures of the Heart Interventricular Septum divides the ventricles Apex lowest superficial part of the heart

New Medical Terms Lumen Aort/o Arteri/o Atri/o Cardi/o My/o Ven/o Sept/o Ventricul/o Arteriol/o Peri-

Circulation of the Heart Left Main Coronary Artery Circumflex Coronary Artery Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Right Coronary Artery

How our Heart Beats Cunduction tissue: found in the heart, spreads contraction impulses – Sinoatrial (SA) node – Atrioventricular (AV) node – Bundle of His (AV bundle) – Purkinje fibers

How the Heart Beats Sinoatrial (SA) node: the pacemaker of the heart, without being stimulated by external nerves has the ability to initiate and propagate each heartbeat. Heart Rate: Can be altered by the Autonomic Nervous System

How the Heart Beats Each impulse discharged by the SA node is transmitted to the Atrioventricular (AV) node this causes the atria to contract From the AV node, impulses are send to the Bundle of His (AV bundle) which relays the impulse to the Purkinje fibers this causes the ventricles to contract

How we measure it Electrocardiograph: an instrument that records electrical impulses – P,Q,R,S, and T waves – P: Contraction of the atria – QRS: Contraction of the ventricles – T: recovery of the ventricles

P, QRS, T

Blood Pressure Measures the force of the blood against the arterial walls during two phases – Systole: When the blood is forced out of the heart – Diastole: relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood – 120/80 mmHg

Blood Pressure Hypertension: consistently elevated blood pressure Hypotension: decreased blood pressure

Vascular System Vasoconstriction: Lumen of the vessel contracts, resulting in decreased blood flow Vasodilation: Lumen of the vessel relaxes, resulting in increased blood flow

Cardiac Disorders Common Sx Angina: Chest pain Dys/pnea: Difficulties breathing Arrhythmias: Cardiac irregularities Syncope: Loss of consciousness

Cardiac Specialties Cardi/o/logy: The medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system Cardi/o/logist: A physician who treats these disorders

Arteriosclerosis Arteri Scler -Osis Rule?

Arteriosclerosis Hardening of the arterial walls that causes them to become thickened and brittle Atheroma: Cholesterol, lipids, cellular debris making up a plaquelike substance Tunica Intima: artheroma builds up on the inside lining

Treatment for Arteriosclerosis Endarterectomy: Surgeon opens the site and removes the plaque – Carotid, peripheral, renal, and aortic arterial disease

Other Risks of Arteriosclerosis Thrombus: formation of a blood clot – Embolus: when the clot has dislodged and is traveling through the vascular system

Other Risks of Arteriosclerosis Emboli in the arterial circulation can lead to infarct: tissue death or may cause aneurysm: weakened vessel wall that begins to bulge

3 Types of Aneurysm

Coronary Artery Disease When the coronary arteries do not deliver an adequate supply of blood to the myocardium – Caused by arteriosclerosis – Leads to ischemia – Can lead to cell death infarction (MI, Myocardial Infarction)

Sx of MI Angina Diaphoresis: Pallor: Dyspnea: Tachycardia: Bradycardia

Treatments for Coronary Artery Disease Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)

Endocarditis Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves – Thrombi formation or infective May cause: – Regurgitation: Backflow of the blood – Embolus – Stenosis: narrowing of the valves – Insufficiency: valves don’t close properly

Varicose Veins Enlarged, twisted, superficial veins, resulting from incompetent valves that fail to prevent backflow of blood

Vericose Veins Varices: occurring in the esophagus Hemorrhoids: Occurring in the rectum Teleangiectases: “spider” veins and fine blue starburst, occurring in the reticular veins

Medical Word Elements LumenVen/o Aort/oSept/o Arteri/o Ventricul/o Atri/o Arteriol/o Cardi/oPeri- My/o Angi/oEndo- AneurysmBrady- Ather/oTachy- Electr/oTrans- Embol/o Scler/o Thrombo/o -stenosis

Cardiac Arrest The heart has stopped, there is no observable myocardial activity

Arrhythmia Inability of the heart to maintain a normal sinus rhythm also called dysrhythmia

Arrhythmia

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, primary the legs

Heart Failure (HF) Failure of the heart to supply an adequate amount of blood to tissues and organs

Hypertension (HTN) Common disorder characterized by elevated blood pressure persistently exceeding 140mmHg Systolic or 90 mmHg Diastolic

Ischemia Local and temporary deficiency of blood supply due to circulatory obstruction

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) The leaflets of the mitral valve prolapse into the left atrium during systole causing a murmur on auscultation

Heart Auscultation

Palpitation Sensation that the heart is not beating normally, “thumping,” “fluttering,” “skipped beats,” pounding in the chest

Perfusion Circulation of blood through tissues or the passage of fluids through vessels of an organ

Cardiac Catheterization (CC) Passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart

Electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) Graphic line recording that shows the spread of electrical excitation of different parts of the heart

Cardiac Blood Work Cardiac Enzyme Studies Blood test that measures troponin T, troponin I, and creatinine kinase Lipid Panel Series of tests used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease

Echocardiography (ECHO) Noninvasive diagnostic method that uses ultrasound to visualize internal cardiac structures and produce images of the heart

Cardioversion Procedure to restore normal rhythm of the heart by applying a controlled electrical shock to the exterior of the chest

Ligation & Stripping Tying a varicose Vein (ligation) followed by removal (stripping) of the affected segment

Fetal Blood Circulation Placenta: An organ developed specifically for each Fetus – bringing nutrients and oxygen to the baby and removing waste.

Fetal Circulation Umbilical Cord: contains 2 arteries & 1 vein – Umbilical Arteries: carry deoxygenated blood to the placenta – Umbilical Veins: carry oxygenated blood to the fetus

Fetal Circulation Oxygenated blood moves from the Umbilical cord, into the inferior Vena Cava through the ductus venosus and then into the Right Atrium

Fetal Circulation From the Right Atrium some blood will move into the Right Ventricle but most of it will move there the Foramen Ovale the small opening between the atrium

Fetal Circulation From the Left Atrium blood moves through the mitral valve into the Left Ventricle, then through the aortic valve into the aorta

Fetal Circulation Blood that does make it into the Pulmonary arteries gets pushed through the Ductus Arteriosus and into the Aorta

Fetal Circulation

Newborn Heart Conditions Patent Ductus Arteriosus: Failure of the DA to close allowing blood to flow from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

Tetralogy of Fallot

Cardiac Blood Flow