P EXCHANGE IN MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS

GAS EXCHANGE IN WATER TAKING IN OXYGEN AND RELEASING CARBON DIOXIDE THROUGH DIFFUSION GILLS IN SOME AQUATIC ORGANISMS PROVIDE A LARGE SURFACE AREA FOR THIS TO TAKE PLACE

THIN FILAMENTS IN THE GILLS CONTAINING BLOOD VESSELS CALLED CAPILLARIES TAKE IN DISSOLVED OXYGEN FROM THE WATER BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE CAPILLARIES TO TAKE IN OXYGEN IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW ( COUNTERCURRENT EXCHANGE )

GAS EXCHANGE ON LAND *ORGANISMS TRY TO PREVENT WATER LOSS SINCE DIFFUSION NEEDS TO TAKE PLACE ON A MOIST SURFACE* 1. FLATWORMS/EARTHWORMS THROUGH SKIN 2. INSECTS USING BRANCHING AIR DUCTS/TUBES ( TRACHEA ) WHILE MOVING IN AND OUT OF OPENINGS ( SPIRACLES )

3. BIRDS LUNGS THAT ACT LIKE A 2 CYCLE PUMP WITH COUNTERCURRENT FLOW LIKE GILLS IN FISH AIR PASSES IN A SINGLE DIRECTION WITH NO MIXING INHALE ( POSTERIOR AIR SACS ), EXHALE ( LUNGS ), INHALE ( ANTERIOR AIR SACS ), EXHALE ( OUT OF BODY )

4. HUMANS/OTHER ANIMALS LUNGS (SEE P.2 DIAGRAM) MIXING OF OXYGEN RICH AND OXYGEN POOR AIR NOSE/MOUTH  TRACHEA  BRON CHI  ALVEOLI (CAVITIES CONTAINING CAPILLARIES) THESE ALVEOLI PROVIDE A LARGE SURFACE AREA TO EXCHANGE OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ( de-oxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs and then the pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart)  LATER IN COURSEoxygenated lungspulmonary veins

5. PLANTS STOMATES ( OPENINGS IN WHICH CARBON DIOXIDE MOVES IN AND OXYGEN MOVES OUT, WATER IS ALSO LOST THROUGH THESE  TRANSPIRATIO N ) REGULATED BY GUARD CELLS

WASTE DISPOSAL P P.4 OF PACKET IMPORTANT FOR THE BODY TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS (INTERNAL BALANCE OF AN ORGANISM) REMOVAL OF NITROGENOUS WASTES FROM PROTEINS

3 TYPES OF NITROGENOUS WASTES 1. AMMONIA  VERY TOXIC, REMOVED IN A SUFFICIENT WATER ENVIRONMENT (PARAMECIUM WITH A CONTRACTILE VACUOLE, FISH) 2. UREA  LESS TOXIC, MODERATE AMOUNT OF WATER TO DILUTE (HUMANS, MAMMALS) 3. URIC ACID  NONTOXIC, INSOLUBLE CRYSTALS, WATER NEEDS TO BE CONSERVED (BIRDS, INSECTS, REPTILES, DESERT ORGANISMS)

P.5, 6, 7 OF PACKET  P THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

THE PROCESS BLOOD  KIDNEYS  URINE (WASTE FLUID)  URETER (TUBE)  URINARY BLADDER (STORAGE)  URETH RA (OUT OF BODY)

KIDNEYS 2 ORGANS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROCESSING METABOLIC WASTE, PARTIALLY REGULATING BLOOD PRESSURE, AND CONTROLLING SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD

NEPHRONS TUBULES IN THE KIDNEY RESPONSIBLE FOR FILTRATION, REABSORPTION, AND SECRETION** ONE END FITS OVER A MASS OF CAPILLARIES AND THE OTHER END OPENS TO A DUCT COLLECTING URINE

PARTS OF THE NEPHRON BOWMAN’S CAPSULE  CUP OF NEPHRON GLOMERULUS  BALL OF CAPILLARIES, FILTRATION (FILTRATE IS THE MATERIALS THAT CROSS FROM THE CAPILLARIES INTO THIS) LOOP OF HENLE  LEADS TO COLLECTION TUBULE COLLECTING TUBULE  REABSORPTION TAKES PLACE LEADING TO HERE, WHERE SECRETION TAKE PLACE