Section 2 Objectives – page 201 Section Objectives Relate the function of a cell to its organization in tissues, organs, and organ systems. Sequence the events of the cell cycle.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Cell Size Limitations The cells that make up a multicellular organism come in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Considering this wide range of cells sizes, why then can’t most organisms be just one giant cell?

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Diffusion limits cell size Although diffusion is a fast and efficient process over short distances, ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Because of the slow rate of diffusion, organisms can’t be just ________________.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages DNA limits cell size The cell cannot survive unless there is ___________________________________ of the cell. In many large cells, _________________ _____________________is present. ____________________________________ ensure that cell activities are carried out quickly and efficiently.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Surface area-to-volume ratio As a __________increases, its ______________increases much faster than its surface area. Surface area = 6 mm 2 Volume = 1 mm 3 Surface area = 24 mm 2 Volume = 8 mm 3 1 mm 2 mm 4 mm

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Surface area = 6 mm 2 Volume = 1 mm 3 Surface area = 24 mm 2 Volume = 8 mm 3 1 mm 2 mm 4 mm If cell size________, the cell would require ____times more _________and would have ____ times more ____________ to excrete. Surface area-to-volume ratio

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The___________________, however, would increase by a factor of only_________. Surface area-to-volume ratio Surface area = 6 mm 2 Volume = 1 mm 3 Surface area = 24 mm 2 Volume = 8 mm 3 1 mm 2 mm 4 mm

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Surface area-to-volume ratio Surface area = 6 mm 2 Volume = 1 mm 3 Surface area = 24 mm 2 Volume = 8 mm 3 1 mm 2 mm 4 mm The cell would either ______________or be ___________________from the buildup of waste products.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Cell Reproduction Cell division is the process by which ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Cell division results in _________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The discovery of chromosomes Structures, which_____________________ ___________________________________, are called chromosomes. Chromosomes are the _________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Accurate transmission of chromosomes during cell division is__________________.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The structure of eukaryotic chromosomes Centromere Chromosome Sister chromatids Supercoil within chromosome Continued coiling within supercoil Histone H1 Nucleosome DNA

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is ______________________ ___________________________________. The __________ of a cell’s life is spent in the _______________ period known as ______________. Interphase

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The Cell Cycle Following interphase, a cell enters its period of ______________________called mitosis. Following mitosis,______ _____________ ____________, separating the two daughter cells. Mitosis

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Interphase: A Busy Time Interphase, the busiest phase of the cell cycle, is_____________________________. DNA synthesis and replication Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division Rapid growth and metabolic activity Interphase

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Interphase: A Busy Time During the first part, the________________ ___________________________________. Rapid growth and metabolic activity Interphase

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Interphase: A Busy Time In the next part of interphase,____________ ___________________________________. DNA synthesis and replication Interphase

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Interphase: A Busy Time After the chromosomes have been duplicated, the cell enters another shorter growth period in which_________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Centrioles replicate; cell prepares for division Interphase

Section 8.2 Summary – pages The Phases of Mitosis The four phases of mitosis are: __________________________

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Prophase: The first phase of mitosis During prophase,______________________ ___________________________________. Spindle fibers Disappearing nuclear envelope Doubled chromosome

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Prophase: The first phase of mitosis The ______________________________ ____________are called sister chromatids. Sister chromatids

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Prophase: The first phase of mitosis Sister chromatids are ______________by a structure called a centromere, which plays a role in chromosome ___________ during mitosis. Centromere

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Metaphase: The second stage of mitosis During metaphase, the chromosomes______ ____________________________________ ___________________________________. Centromere Sister chromatids

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Anaphase: The third phase of mitosis During anaphase, the ________________and the sister chromatids are ______________to opposite poles of the cell.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Telophase: The fourth phase of mitosis During telophase, ___________________are formed. The cells _______________as the cell cycle proceeds into the next interphase. Nuclear envelope reappears Two daughter cells are formed

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Cytokinesis Following telophase, the ______________ ___________in a process called cytokinesis. Cytokinesis differs between plants and animals. Toward the end of telophase in__________, the plasma membrane ________________in along the equator.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Cytokinesis Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, so the plasma membrane ___________________in. A structure known as the ______________is laid down across the cell’s equator. A ____________________around each cell, and new cell walls form on each side of the _____________until separation is complete.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Results of Mitosis When mitosis is complete, _________ _______________remain as ________ cells. In multicellular organisms, cell growth and reproduction result in _________________ ____________________________________ to perform a specific function.

Section 8.2 Summary – pages Results of Mitosis Tissues organize in various combinations to form organs that _________________ __________________________within the organism. ____________________________that work together form an organ system.