Civil War Background to the Conflict Pre-Civil War Days

Lesson 1. Differences Divide North and South Regional Differences –North More factories People began moving to the cities to work Less people were farming People from other countries moved to the North Population grew rapidly to over 19 million PEOPLE!!! Lowell Factory System Employs Young women women

The South Farming remained the main way to earn a living –Most were small one family farms Cut lumber, raised cattle, and raised just enough food for their own families  Population was a lot smaller (11 million) than in the North (19 million)

Plantation Life –Huge plantations Needed a lot of workers Used slave labor

The Slave Economy Many people began to turn against slavery Cost of owning slaves was too high for most Most slaves worked on large plantations. Very few white Southerners could afford to own slaves.

“King Cotton” Cotton was hard to prepare for market –The little seeds had to be separated from the cotton. –This was very hard to do and took a LOT of TIME –Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin Made cleaning cotton easier Farmers grew more cotton and made more money Needed more slaves to work the cotton

North and South Disagree States’ Rights –South didn’t like depending on the North’s manufactured goods –Thought the North was getting RICH off of them Slavery –Settlers from the South who moved west took their slaves –Settlers from the North didn’t own slaves and thought slavery was wrong. –WHO would WIN Would there be slavery in the new territories or NOT???

Lesson 2. Africans in Slavery and Freedom Life Under Slavery –S–S–S–Slave Codes Laws for slaves –S–S–S–Slaves could not leave owners’ land –C–C–C–Could not buy or sell goods –N–N–N–Not allowed to learn to read or write –T–T–T–Treated as property with very few privileges

Coping with Slavery –S–S–S–Spirituals Formed close knit groups to help each other Sang religious songs to give them strength

Overseers Hired to watch the slaves work and punish them if they fell behind.

Fighting Back Fighting Back –M–M–M–Most resisted slavery ( act against) –Q–Q–Q–Quiet ways they resisted Broke tools, left gates open to let the farm animals out, let boats drift away, hid stuff the owners needed and acted like they knew nothing about it at all John Brown’s rebellion at Harper’s Ferry –A–A–A–A white abolitionist –S–S–S–Stole guns from Harper’s Ferry warehouse to give to slaves –C–C–C–Caught, tried, and hanged –V–V–V–Violent ways to resist Nat Turner’s Revolt –L–L–L–Led an attack killing 57 people –H–H–H–He and others were caught, tried in court, and hanged

Running Away Running Away –M–M–M–Many chose to run away –F–F–F–Found safe places to hide Indians protected some Hid in forest, swamps, and mountains Some made it to the free North, some to Canada and others went south to Mexico Many were helped by the Underground Railroad Many were caught and punished for trying to escape. –U–U–U–Underground Railroad –S–S–S–System of escape routes leading to freedom –M–M–M–Members were called conductors –H–H–H–Hiding places were called stations –H–H–H–Harriet Tubman was most famous An escaped slave Returned to the South over 20 times to help others

Free Africans Not all Africans were slaves –S–S–S–Some were former slaves freed by their owners –O–O–O–Others had bought their freedom –S–S–S–Some had escaped to freedom –M–M–M–Many lived in the cities where they had a better chance to work Life for most Africans, free or not, was still hard because: –U–U–U–Unwelcome in many places –O–O–O–Often treated unfairly –H–H–H–Had little freedom –N–N–N–Not allowed to vote or meet in groups –C–C–C–Could not attend school or have certain jobs

New Compromises Henry Clay –W–W–W–Worked hard to settle differences dividing the nation. –C–C–C–Congressman from Kentucky –F–F–F–Free state: didn’t want slavery. –S–S–S–Slave state: wanted slavery –E–E–E–Everything was EVEN until Missouri became a state.

The Missouri Compromise Asked to join the U.S. as a slave state This would make more slave states than free. Missouri would join as a slave state AND Maine would join as a free state. Imaginary line would be drawn through the rest of the Louisiana territory

Solutions to the Problem North of the line = Free States South of the line = Slave states

Results of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 Kept the peace for nearly 30 years Six new states joined the Union – 3 slave and 3 free….still equal in number AND THEN along came…California

The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN California = Free New Mexico and Utah territories= people would decide

Fugitive Slave Law A new law that said: –A–A–A–Anyone caught helping slaves escape would be punished. –I–I–I–If you found a runaway slave, you had to return them to their owner.

Hopes for Peace Fade Kansas-Nebraska Act Gave people living there the choice by voting Hundreds moved in to “vote” on whether to be a free or slave state. Tempers FLARED and over 200 people were killed in the dispute Nicknamed “ Bleeding Kansas”

Dred Scott Case Supreme Court ruled that once a slave, living in a free state, didn’t change that. Said Scott had “none of the rights and privileges” of American citizens Also said Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because the Constitution protects people’s right to own PROPERTY and slaves were PROPERTY!!!

Abraham Lincoln works for Change Violence because of the Kansas- Nebraska act got everyone’s attention Abraham Lincoln was against the SPREAD of slavery Republican Party formed to fight the spread of slavery. Lincoln ran for Senator Stephen A. Douglas, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, was his OPPONENT! The battle is ON………

Worried White Southerners Many in the South were afraid if Lincoln were elected, slavery would be outlawed. Some even said they would LEAVE the Union if Lincoln was elected.

Lincoln Elected President November 6, 1860 December 20, 1860 South Carolina’s leaders seceded from the Union. Later SIX other southern states seceded: –M–M–M–Mississippi –F–F–F–Florida –A–A–A–Alabama –G–G–G–Georgia –L–L–L–Louisiana –T–T–T–Texas

The Confederate States of America South Carolina Mississippi Florida Louisiana Alabama Georgia Texas

The Conflict Begins Compromise, Conflict and the first Confrontation Compromise,

Big Ideas The South feared that the North would take control of Congress, and Southerners began to proclaim states’ rights as a means of self- protection. The North believed that the nation was a union and could not be divided. While the Civil War did not begin as a war to abolish slavery, issues surrounding slavery deeply divided the nation.

Causes of Conflict An important issue separating the country related to the power of the Federal government. –Southerners believed that they had the power to declare any national law illegal. –Northerners believed that the national government’s power was supreme over that of the states. –Southerners felt that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region’s economy. –Northerners believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons.

Compromises attempting to resolve differences Missouri Compromise (1820): –Missouri was a slave state; Maine, a free state. Compromise of l850: –California was a free state. Southwest territories would decide about slavery. Kansas-Nebraska Act: –People decided the slavery issue (“popular sovereignty”).

Picking Sides Free States –California –Connecticut –Illinois –Indiana –Iowa –Kansas –Maine –Massachusetts –Michigan –Minnesota –New Hampshire –New Jersey –New York –Ohio –Oregon –Pennsylvania –Rhode Island –Vermont –West Virginia (Western counties of Virginia that refused to secede from the Union) –Wisconsin Border States –Delaware –Kentucky –Maryland –Missouri States that Seceded: –Alabama –Arkansas –Florida –Georgia –Louisiana –Mississippi –North Carolina –South Carolina –Tennessee –Texas –Virginia

The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens

The Confederate “White House”

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Men Present for Duty in the Civil War

Rating the North & the South

Battles of the Civil War Fighting for Control Control

Major battles and events The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C., began the war.

Major battles and events The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was the first major battle.

Battle of Bull Run (1 st Manassas), July, 1861

The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made “freeing the slaves” the new focus of the war. Many freed slaves joined the Union army. Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation Major battles and events

The Emancipation Proclamation

Emancipation in 1863

The North Initiates the Draft, 1863

Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863)

The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River. Major battles and events

Lincoln’s Generals Irwin McDowell Winfield Scott George McClellan, Again! McClellan George McClellan Ambrose Burnside Joseph Hooker George Meade Ulysses S. Grant

The Confederate Generals Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee

Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War” 23,000 casualties September 17, 1862

The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee’s invasion. Major battles and events

Gettysburg Casualties

Sherman’s March through Georgia to the Sea, 1864

1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D)

Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war. Major battles and events

Influence of location and topography on critical developments in the war The Union blockade of southern ports (e.g., Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans) Control of the Mississippi River (e.g., Vicksburg) Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (e.g., Richmond; Washington, D.C.) Control of the high ground (e.g., Gettysburg)

Effects of The War War Effects everyone… not just the soldiers

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

Effects of the War General effects of the war –Families and friends were often pitted against one another. –Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed. –Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (e.g., burning of Atlanta and Richmond). –Disease was a major killer. –Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross. –Combat was brutal and often man-to-man. –Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. –The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless.

Effects of the War on African-Americans African Americans fought in both the Confederate and Union armies. The Confederacy often used slaves as naval crew members and soldiers. The Union moved to enlist African American sailors early in the war. African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers.

ReunificationReunification “I believe it to be the duty of everyone to unite in the restoration of the country and the reestablishment of peace and harmony.” -Robert E. Lee “I believe it to be the duty of everyone to unite in the restoration of the country and the reestablishment of peace and harmony.” -Robert E. Lee

Extensive Legislation Passed Without the South in Congress 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act 1861 – Morrill Tariff Act 1862 – Homestead Act 1862 – Legal Tender Act 1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 – Emancipation Proclamation (1/1/1863) 1863 – Pacific Railway Act 1863 – National Bank Act

Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

The Assassin John Wilkes Booth

The Assassination