Liquids & Solids Dr. Ron Rusay Fall 2001

States of Matter

Changes of State

Energy of Phase Changes

Heating Curve for H 2 O Calculate the heat necessary to completely boil 1.0 kg of ice that is at -5 o C. Cp ice =0.50 cal/g x o C Cp liq =1.00 cal/g x o C Cp vap =0.48 cal/g x o C  H fusion = cal/g  H vapor = +540 cal/g kcal = +3,023 kJ

Vapor Pressure vs. Temperature

Vapor Pressures of Liquids

Periodicity: Boiling Point Boiling Point: Temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. Higher vapor pressure : Lower boiling point. Does water boil at the same temperature in Concord and Tahoe?

Boiling Points of Simple Hydrogen Compounds What can explain the trends?

Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds in H 2 O Besides oxygen, both nitrogen and fluorine form intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Other atoms DO NOT.

Views of Water o AngleDipole Moment

Dissolution of NaCl in Water

Intermolecular Forces Ionic & Polar Interactions: + and - ;   -

Ion-Dipole Forces

Dipole-Dipole Forces FG11_004.JPG

Surface Forces of a Liquid Viscosity & Surface Tension of liquids are directly related to the strength of the intermolecular forces: Eg. Water versus gasoline vs 0.20 centipoise and 70 vs. 15 dynes/cm 2 respectively.

Close Packing

Close Packed Spheres

Three Types of Crystalline Solids Ionic MolecularMetallic

Diamond and Graphite

Cross Section of a Metal

Crystal Lattice

Cubic Lattices

Space-Filling Cubic Cells

Crystal Lattice of NaCl

Unit Cell of NaCl

Unit Cells

X-Ray Crystallography

Table 11.6