Plog Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric

Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric Charter\Mass Incipient Mass\unusual\Offbeat\Elite\Experiential Organized Mass Tourism\ Individual Mass Tourism\Explorer\Drifter Recreational\ Diversionary\ Experiential\ Experimental\ Existential Safety Belongingness Self Esteem Self Actualization

Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric Environments Similar to Home Unique Place Attributes Highly Modified Original Place Attributes Imitation Authentic Attributes Front Country Image Back Country Reality

Psychocentric Mid Centric Allocentric Impacts Extreme Limited But Contained But Unconstrained

Tourism Cycle Butler Exploration Involvement Development Consolidation StagnationDecline or Rejuvenation TIME No. of Visitors

Exploration Stage Small number of tourists - the aesthetics Irregular visitation patterns - no charters or ‘mass’ flights Attracted by unique natural or cultural features

Exploration Stage No specific facilities - contact with local populations high Basic impacts are low - low numbers but little control Link to Allocentrics

2 - Involvement Stage The number of visitors increase - word of mouth, media awareness The visitation assumes a more regular pattern - greater numbers linked to time packages and patterns of access (airlines)

2 - Involvement Stage Individual contact remains high and increases as local populations respond to greater numbers and open facilities –bars –restaurants –shops

2 - Involvement Stage The basic market area can be defined (populations that are interested) Initial advertising campaigns start Basic tourist season commences - local life begins to adjust to the cycle

2 - Involvement Stage The impacts are low but increasing Government starts to exert more influence - taxes, regulations Attraction to Near-Allocentrics and the more daring of the Mid Centrics

3 - Development Stage Very well defined tourist ‘area’ –shaped partially by heavy advertising Local Control begins to decline rapidly Local services are replaced by well organized, more elaborate external services - especially in accommodation (chains)

3 - Development Stage Natural or cultural attractions will be marketed explicitly –supplemented by man-made attractions To the extent of creating shipwrecks close to accommodation - harbours

3 - Development Stage Regional or National government control may start - unified policies, tax structures Number of visitors may exceed the local population Imported labour (hotels) obvious Tourism support industry is obvious

3 - Development Stage The presence of Mid Centrics –Organized mass tourists –High return in the system though the Allocentrics are gone

4 - Consolidation Stage Rate of growth in tourists declines But the absolute numbers of tourists still increases - no apparent problem

4 - Consolidation Stage The number of tourists exceed the total population The economic base shifts to primarily tourism - dependence increases Broadening of market 1. Spatially - search for greater numbers 2. Temporally - extension of ‘season’

4 - Consolidation Stage The facilities infrastructure takes on a franchise appearance Possible negative reactions from local population - their action space is restricted

4 - Consolidation Stage Development of well-defined recreation business districts (non-local - prices) A quality hierarchy develops - ‘better’ and ‘worse’ attractions

5- Stagnation Stage Peak number of visitors is reached - flat or negative growth rates Carrying capacities for many variables are reached or exceeded - pressure on facilities felt by tourists and locals (wait times) Well established image of ‘place’ - may work against development - ‘out of fashion’

5- Stagnation Stage Increasing reliance on repeat business –swing to heavy traffic generators conventions discount travel Surplus bed capacity - increasing downward pressure on prices Less ‘authenticity’ as scramble for profit

5- Stagnation Stage The resort image is divorced from it’s original geographic environment (anyplace) New developments tend to be peripheral to the tourist industry (no growth) facilities change ownership frequently Psychocentrics and Mass Tourism