Carbon Capture and Storage Based on the 4 th Clean Coal Symposium held in Regina, October 23-24

Outline Coal Use and the CO 2 problem Alternative solutions to adverse environmental problem Current Clean Coal Technologies, and their future CCS test projects Conclusions

CO 2 production Coal for electricity generation is, and will be, a primary energy resource, but we need to focus more effort on lowering its impacts.

CCS cost and Scenarios Capture and pressurization ~ $25/tonne CO 2 Transportation and Storage ~ $5/tonne CO 2

CO 2 Capture It will increase the electricity price between 40 to 60% Create uncertainty New plant: Post-Combustion, Oxy-fuel or IGCC? Existent Power plant Retrofit for CO2 capture? Post-Combustion or Oxy-fuel? Rebuilt for CO2 capture? Post-Combustion, Oxy-fuel or IGCC?

Future context It appears that IGCC with capture technology will win.. but … IGCC availability ~ 70% PC availability ~ 90%

IGCC SynGas C + H2O -> CO + H2 H2 + CO -> HxCy + CO2

What is GHG emission? - Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) ( Fossil-fuel combustion, Land-use conversion, Cement Production ) - Methane (CH 4 ) ( Fossil fuel production and combustion, Agriculture, Waste decomposition ) - Nitrous Oxide (NO x ) ( Fertilizer, Industrial processes, Fossil fuel combustion ) - Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) ( Refrigerants ) - Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) ( Aluminum smelting, Semiconductor manufacturing ) - Sulfur Hexafluoride (SH) ( Dielectric fluid used in electrical equipment ) GHG = CO 2e = CO *CH *N 2 O + (140, 11700)*HFC + + (6500, 9200)*PFC *SH

Carbon Capture and Storage - It is an approach to mitigate global warming by capturing carbon dioxide from large point sources storing the CO2 instead of releasing it into the atmosphere. - Applied ot fossil fuel power plants. - Technology for large scale capture of CO2 is already commercially available and fairly well developed. - The long term storage of CO2 is a relatively untried concept.

The Halten Project – STATOIL - Norway

Technologies and CCS CO 2 capture technology CO 2 transport technology CO 2 storage technology PC plantsknown and proven Not problem for CO 2 liquid transportation Some small tests application CFB plantsknown but not proven IGCC plantsknown but not proven

CCS cost and Scenarios Capture and pressurization ~ $25/tonne CO 2 Transportation and Storage ~ $5/tonne CO 2

CO 2 Capture It will increase the electricity price between 40 to 60% Create uncertainty New plant: Post-Combustion, Oxy-fuel or IGCC? Existent Power plant Retrofit for CO2 capture? Post-Combustion or Oxy-fuel? Rebuilt for CO2 capture? Post-Combustion, Oxy-fuel or IGCC?

CO 2 Storage 747 Mt CO 2e – in Canada (2005) 235 Mt CO 2e – in Alberta (2005) 129 Mt CO 2e – in E&H in Canada (2005) 52 Mt CO 2e – in Electricity in Alberta (2004) Weyburn project (World’s the largest full-scale MMV project) Capacity: 30 Mt CO 2 Rate storage: around 1 kt CO 2 /day We need projects of 1 to 2 Gt CO 2 /year

Weyburn project

23 Weyburn project

24 Weyburn project

25 Weyburn project

Conclusion

Clean Coal Based on the 4 th Clean Coal Symposium held in Regina, October 23-24

CERI cost of electricity

Coal types and properties

Future context It appears that IGCC with capture technology will win.. but … IGCC availability ~ 70% PC availability ~ 90%

Coal - Reference coals

Coal Consumption

Forecasts - Coal consumption

PC plant

SCPC w and w/o capture

USCPC w and w/o capture

CFB

IGCC w and w/o capture

IGCC technology

IGCC and PC plants w/capture

COE IGCC plants

COE – PC plants

PC vs IGCC plants

Forecast - Electricity production

PC vs IGCC - Capital Cost

COE for GHG emission gases

COE PC vs IGCC

IGCC potential

IGCC technologies

IGCC Gasifiers

53 IGCC Performance Results

GHG emission by coal type

FutureGen

FutureGen (

FutureGen Targets Establish technical, economic & environmental viability of nearzero emission coal plants by 2015; thus, creating the option for multiple commercial deployments by 2020 Validate DOE goals (Report to Congress, March 2004): − Sequester >90% CO2 with potential for ~100% − >99% sulfur removal − <0.05 lb/MMBtu NOx − <0.005 lb/MMBtu PM − >90% Hg removal − With potential for an Nth plant commercial cost no more than 10% greater than that of a power plant without sequestration Prototype coal-based power plant of the future

FutureGen: Project Schedule

COE GHG gases capture

CO2 transportation cost

CO2 storage

CO2 supercritical transportation

CO2 injection cost

Storage

Storage

Storage tests

Weyburn phase 1, 2000 to 2004 To predict and verify the ability of an oil reservoir to securely and economically contain CO2. Sponsors: 5 governments (NRCan, US DOE, SIR, AERI, EU) 10 industry sponsors (Canada, USA, EU, Japan) – energy-based endorsed by IEA GHG R&D Programme $42 million (50:50 cash : in-kind)

Weyburn project target Encourage the widespread use of technologies required for the design, implementation, monitoring and verification of a significant number of CO2 geological storage projects in Canada and the USA Build a Best Practices Manual (BPM) as a practical, technical guide for design and implementation for CO2 storage associated with EOR Influence the development of effective public policy to seed the development of a large, economic CO2 supply and infrastructure, and a mechanism for monetizing credits for CO2 storage

Weyburn first conclusions Based on preliminary results, the geological setting appears to be highly suitable for long- term CO2 geological storage The Project has arguably the most complete, comprehensive, pre reviewed data set in the world for CO2 geological storage This project has made a significant contribution to Canada’s international leadership in CO2 geological storage R&D Mitsubishi’s White Tiger EOR, BP/Edison’s California Hydrogen Power and Shell/Statoil’s North Sea EOR Projects are all well positioned to challenge the Project’s leadership role International credibility and recognition have been achieved through endorsement by the IEA GHG R&D Programme and the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum Through the success of Phase 1, the Project has brought together an international group of technically and culturally diverse, high-quality researchers and forged an effective team. However, integration of the work remains an ongoing challenge, particularly as policy research is added to the Project

Weyburn oil production

CO 2 Capture and Storage Capture PC plants → known and proved technology IGCC plants → known but not proved technology Transport Not problem for CO 2 liquid transportation Storage some small tests application

CO 2 Capture

75 Great Global Warming Swindle

82 Great Global Warming Swindle

IPCC

85 Spectrum

86 C red+yellow+blue = total radiation of the earth at +7° C in the range between 400 and 1800 cm-1. blue = radiation that is absorbed by greenhouse gases. yellow = radiation that is allowed to pass by greenhouse gases. (red = absence of an absorption spectrum due to technical reasons concerning the measurements.) In a very rough approximation the following trace gases contribute to the greenhouse effect: 60% water vapor 20% carbon dioxide (CO2) The rest (~20%) is caused by ozone (O3), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and several other species.

C

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Al-Gore - Vostok Ice Core

102

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USHCN V2 DATA

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CO2CRC Photomicrographs are one of the many techniques used by reseacrhers to identify minerals and the fine structure in rock formationsPhotomicrographs are one of the many techniques used by reseacrhers to identify minerals and the fine structure in rock formations.

111 CO2CRC Seismic imaging uses reflected sound waves to create pictures of underground rock formations. Pictures such as this show potential CO2 reservoirs and seal rocks as well as other geologic features such as faults. After injection begins, these pictures can show the location of the CO2. This picture also shows where two test wells were drilled to make measurements and take rock samples. Taken together, all this information can provide an accurate and detailed understanding of conditions underground.

112 CO2CRC Porosity versus permeability.

CO2CRC CO2 will be trapped as a supercritical fluid in tiny pore spaces in the storage rock, as is shown by the blue spaces between the white grains of quartz in this photograph of a microscopic section of storage sandstone.

114 CO2CRC CO2 will be injected at depths below 0.8 km (2600 feet ). CO2 increases in density with depth and becomes a supercritical fluid below 0.8 km. Supercritical fluids take up much less space, as shown in this figure, and diffuse better than either gases or ordinary liquids through the tiny pore spaces in storage rocks. The blue numbers in this figure show the volume of CO2 at each depth compared to a volume of 100 at the surface.

115 CO2CRC As time goes on, increasingly secure trapping mechanisms come into play and the overall security of storage increases.

CO2CRC

Rock formations for geologic storage, such as deep saline formations, would be much deeper than any usable groundwater and separated from that groundwater by thick barriers of impervious rock. These formations generally already proved their effectiveness by keeping highly-salty saline water separate from usable groundwater for millions of years.

118 CO2CRC Geological storage options for CO2. Several types of rock formations are suitable for CO2 storage, including depleted oil and gas fields, deep saline formations and deep, unmineable coal seams. Other types of formations such as basalts and oil shales are being examined by scientists for possible future use.

CO2CRC Pre-combustion and post-combustion processes for carbon dioxide capture.

CO2CRC Capture applications (after CO2C Capture Project and IEA GHG R&D PROGRAM)

CO2CRC Photomicrographs are one of the many techniques used by reseacrhers to identify minerals and the fine structure in rock formationsPhotomicrographs are one of the many techniques used by reseacrhers to identify minerals and the fine structure in rock formations.

CO2CRC Close up of the pilot scale absorption column at the University of Melbourne.

CO2CRC Major CO2 injection projects proposed and uderway.

CO2CRC An emission free vision for the future.

CO2CRC Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems.

CO2CRC A simplified over view of the geosequestration process.

CO2CRC Representation of the carbon cycle.

CO2CRC _1_animation/Otway_animation.html

129 Alberta env. report Reporting of geological injection of carbon dioxide is currently a voluntary requirement under the Specified Gas Reporting Program. Geologically injected carbon dioxide is CO 2 that is captured at a facility and then injected into a geological formation. Under the Specified Gas Reporting Program, geologically injected CO 2 is not considered a direct emission and is therefore not included in total CO 2 emissions or in total greenhouse gas emissions for a facility in the specified gas report. Three companies (Apache Canada Ltd, Canadian Natural Resources Limited and Keyera Energy) voluntarily reported quantities of geologically injected CO 2 for a total of three Alberta gas plants. A total of kt of CO 2 was reported to be have been injected into geological formations in 2006 by these facilities.