Transcribing English words 高 歌 浙江外国语学院 2009 年 9 月

Transcribing English words Victor GAO Zhejiang International Studies University August. 2010

The five main areas for reading Research indicates that students need to acquire skills and knowledge in at least five main areas in order to become proficient readers

Five key components for the effective teaching of reading 1.Phonemic awareness 2.Phonics 3.Fluency 4.Vocabulary Development 5.Comprehension strategies

Five main areas for reading phonemic awareness phonics fluency vocabulary comprehension decoding Reading development

Orthographic Continuum 1.Letter features 2.Individual letters 3.Letter patterns 4.Syllable patterns 5.Whole Words 6.Phrases

What do students need to learn during phonics instruction? Accurate and rapid identification of the letters of the alphabet The alphabetic principle Phonics elements (e.g., letter- sound correspondences, spelling patterns, syllables and meaningful word parts How to apply phonics elements as they read and write

Interventions for Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Slow Processing Speed Practice segmenting with timer.

Interventions for Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Accuracy Look at error pattern. Match the student error pattern to the Phonological Awareness Continuum. Plan according to student need.

Are you all ears?

英语口语与朗读涉及两个系统 韵律系统 超音位因素 英语语音 音位系统 句重音 句子节奏句子语调 英语元音 英语辅音

5-9 号开口越来越小 1-5 号开口越来越大 : 1-4 号唇型越来越扁 6-9 号唇型越来越圆 1-4 号为前元音 English monophthongs 5-9 号为后元音 号为中元音

frontcentralback Closed Close-mid Open-mid Open spread The basic vowels chart rounded

舌前 舌中 舌后 The basic vowels chart 唇型越来越扁 唇型越来越圆 合口 半合 半开 全开 中央

frontcentralback Closed Close-mid Open-mid Open spread The basic vowels chart rounded

Basics of successful reading Phonemic awareness Phonics vocabulary Reading fluency Comprehension Grammar Proficiency

Phonemic Awareness Understand how spoken language can be broken down into individual sounds

Phonemic Awareness Phonics: The integration of sounds and symbols Phonemic Awareness: being sensitive to the sounds and their written forms If symbols are involved in letter reading, it is phonics! 在读英语时，看到字母就知道其发音。

What is a syllable? A syllable is a unit of sound composed of 1.a central peak of sonority 响 音峰 (usually a vowel), and 2.the consonants that cluster around this central peak. age hi make next huge

What is Phonics? Phonics is instruction in the relationship between the letters (graphemes) of written language and the sounds (phonemes) of spoken language.

What is a syllable? For example, the word hotel has two syllables: ho and tel. The syllables are marked here as in ho/tel.

Syllable Structure The general structure of a syllable consists of the following segments: Onset (obligatory in some languages, optional or even restricted in others) Rhyme & Nucleus (obligatory in all languages) Coda (optional in some languages, highly restricted or prohibited in others)

Syllable structure PartsDescriptionOptionality Onset Initial segment of a syllable:Optional Rhyme Core of a syllable, consisting of a nucleus and coda (see below) Obligatory Nucleus 核 Central segment of a syllableObligatory Coda Closing segment of a syllableOptional

are Central peak of sonority 响音峰

tar Onset sound

star More onset sounds

start A coda

starts More codas

Weak and Strong Syllables One of the most noticeable features of English is that many syllables are weak. I will discuss in a separate chapter how these weak syllables are pronounced and where they occur in English.

Weak and Strong Syllables We could describe them partly in terms of stress by saying, for example, that strong syllables are stressed and weak syllables unstressed. Example: Example / ɪ g ‵ z ɑː mpl /

What is an open syllable? In a stressed syllable, if there is only one vowel letter, followed by a consonant letter and a silent “e”, then this syllable is called an open syllable and that vowel letter is pronounced as the sound of the vowel letter itself. Examples: make, those, no, I

重读开音节 在一个重读音节中，如果只有一个元音 字母，后加一个辅音字母和一个尾音 e （哑音 e ），那么该音节就叫做重读开音 节，其中的元音字母发字母本身的音。 如 make, those, no, I

What is a closed syllable? In a stressed syllable, if there is only one vowel letter, followed by one or two consonant letters without a silent “e”, then this syllable is called a closed syllable and that vowel letter is pronounced as the sound of the short vowel whose shape is similar to the vowel letter itself. like

What is a closed syllable? In a stressed syllable, if there is only one vowel letter, followed by one or two consonant letters without a silent “e”, then this syllable is called a closed syllable

What is a closed syllable? And that vowel letter is pronounced as the sound of the short vowel whose shape is similar to the vowel letter itself. For example:

Closed syllables a e i o u Examples: big ； back

在一个重读音节中，如果只有一个元音 字母，后加一个或两个辅音字母，后面 不跟有哑音 e ，那么该音节就叫做重读闭 音节，其中的元音字母发与该字母形状 相应的短元音。 a e i o u 如 big ； back 重读闭音节

Syllable types A closed syllable: A closed syllable has one and only one vowel, and it ends in a consonant. Examples include in, ask, truck, sock, stretch, twelfth, and on.

a can be pronounced as: – – a base Vowel letter a a 重读开音节

a can be pronounced as: – – a base a v a bagbag v 重读开音节 重读闭音节 Vowel letter a

a can be pronounced as: – – a base a v a bagbag v a ago 重读开音节 重读闭音节 非重读音节 Vowel letter a

Strong and weak forms

a can be pronounced as: – – a base a v a bagbag v a ago 元音字母音 相应短元音 12 号元音 Vowel letter a

– – e e these Vowel letter e e can be pronounced as:

– – e e these e e e can be pronounced as: egg v v Vowel letter e

e can be pronounced as: – – e e these e v e egg v e marvelous Vowel letter e

i can be pronounced as: – – i i bike Vowel letter i

i can be pronounced as: – – i i bike v i bigbig v Vowel letter i

i can be pronounced as: – – i i bike v i bigbig v i terrible v Vowel letter i

o can be pronounced as: – – o o hope Vowel letter o

o can be pronounced as: – – o o hope o sonson Vowel letter o

o can be pronounced as: – – o o hope o sonson o v hothot v Vowel letter o

o can be pronounced as: – – o o hope o sonson o o v hothot v Vowel letter o today – ‵

u can be pronounced as: – – u u huge Vowel letter e

u can be pronounced as: – – u u huge u sunsun Vowel letter e

u can be pronounced as: – – u u huge v v u sunsun u putput Vowel letter u

u can be pronounced as: – – u u huge v v u sunsun u putput u butbut Vowel letter u

u can be pronounced as: – – u u huge v v u sunsun u putput u butbut Vowel Letter e

Phonemic Awareness Phonics: The integration of sounds and symbols Phonemic Awareness: being sensitive to the sounds and their written forms If symbols are involved in letter reading, it is phonics! 在读英语时，看到字母就知道其发音。

Practice phonics 形音对照法

Practice phonics

Practice phonics ‵ v v

Practice syllables 音节

Practice syllables

Practice syllables ‵ v

Practice vowel 元音

Practice vowel

Practice vowel

Practice monophthongs 单元音

Practice monophthongs

Practice monophthongs ‵ vv

Practice diphthongs 双元音

Practice diphthongs

Practice diphthongs ‵ vv

Practice consonant 辅音

Practice consonant

Practice consonant ‵ v

Practice bilabial 双唇音

Practice bilabial

Practice bilabial ‵ – –

Practice dental 齿音

Practice dental

Practice dental ‵ v

Practice alveolar 齿龈音

Practice alveolar

Practice alveolar ‵ v

alveolar

Practice palatal 腭

Practice palatal

Practice palatal ‵ v

Practice velum 小舌

Practice velum

Practice velum ‵ –

velar

Practice glottal 声门的

Practice glottal

Adam’s Apple

Practice glottal ‵ v

Practice plosive 爆破音

Practice plosive

Practice plosive ‵ v –

Practice fricative 摩擦音

Practice fricative

Practice fricative ‵ v v

Practice affricate 破擦音

Practice affricate

Practice affricate

Practice affricate ‵ v v

Practice lateral 舌侧音

Practice lateral

Practice lateral

Practice lateral ‵ v

Practice articulation ‵ 发音

Practice articulation ‵

Practice articulation ‵ v – – ‵

Practice combination 组合

Practice combination

Practice combination ‵ v – v ‵

Practice discipline 纪律

Practice discipline

Practice discipline v ‵ v

Practice passage 短文

Practice passage

Practice passage v ‵

Practice Italy

Practice Italy

Practice Italy v ‵ v

Practice Italian

Practice Italian

Practice Italian v ‵ vv

Practice Italian v ‵ v

Practice simultaneous 同时发生的

Practice simultaneous

Practice simultaneous ‵ v ––

Practice challenge

Practice challenge 挑战

Practice challenge ‵ v

Basics of successful reading Phonemic awareness Phonics vocabulary Reading fluency Comprehension Grammar Proficiency