The Instructional Design Process Introduction

Learning & Instruction Define learning Development of new knowledge, skills and abilities (KSA) Permanent change in behavior Define instruction Arrangement of the environment (media-presented information) to facilitate learning

Instructional Need How do you know if you have one? Performance need is gap between existing and desired behavior Instructional need is a performance need that can be solved by instruction (rather than changes in resources, personnel, etc.)

Instructional design is... The systematic process of translating principles of learning and instruction into specifications for instructional materials and activities -Smith & Ragan

What does a designer do? The primary role of the designer is to: Decide what is important for students to learn. Effectively arrange the learning environment (media) to maximize the probability of individual student learning (permanent changes in behavior).

Instructional Design is based on.. General Systems Theory A set of interrelated and acting parts that work together toward a common goal Educational Psychology Theory From Behaviorism to Constructivism Communication Theory Sender, receiver, feedback Instructional Theory

What are the advantages of ID? Focus on what learner will be able to do as a result of the instruction Linkage between components Empirical and replicable process Produces consistent instruction Facilitates effective assessment methods Applicable across settings

ID History The beginnings of the field of instructional design actually began during World War II when the U.S. military needed to rapidly prepare a large number of people for a wide variety of jobs.

Instructional must include assessment Write performance objectives Very specific and measureable Develop assessment instruments Emphasis on accurately measuring behaviors

Benjamin Bloom

Benjamin Bloom Original version Updated version

Benjamin Bloom The new terms are defined as: Remembering: Retrieving, recognizing, and recalling relevant knowledge from long-term memory. Understanding: Constructing meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages through interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing, and explaining. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through executing, or implementing. Analyzing: Breaking material into constituent parts, determining how the parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose through differentiating, organizing, and attributing. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and standards through checking and critiquing. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or structure through generating, planning, or producing.

Components of Systems Approach Conduct formative evaluation of instruction One-to-one prototype testing Small group evaluation Field testing Revise instruction Data from formative evaluation used to assess whole process Conduct summative evaluation

Or simply put... Design Develop Evaluate Sometimes called “Instructional Development”

Two Primary Models ADDIE Analyze - analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc. Design - develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approach Develop - create instructional or training materials Implement - deliver or distribute the instructional materials Evaluate - make sure the materials achieved the desired goals

Two Primary Models Dick and Carey (Systems Approach Model) Identify Instructional Goal(s) Conduct Instructional Analysis Analyze Learners and Contexts Write Performance Objectives Develop Assessment Instruments Develop Instructional Strategy Develop and Select Instructional Materials Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction Revise Instruction Design and Conduct Summative Evaluation

Basic ID Model Dick & Carey, 1966 (Changed only slightly since 1966 – see page 1).

Basic ID Model Dick & Carey, 1978

ID Resources Dick, W. & Carey, L. (1996). The systematic design of instruction (4th ed.). New York: HarperCollins College Publishers. Smith, P. & Ragan, T. (1999). Instructional design (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall. Gagne, R., Briggs, L., & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of instructional design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. Shambaugh, R., & Magliaro, S. (1997). Mastering the possibilities: A process approach to instructional design. Allyn & Bacon: Boston.