Section 1 Populations at Risk, Assessment

 Cell Cycle:  Mitosis- orderly well regulated growth

 Hyperplasia  Metaplasia  Dysplasia  Anaplasia  Primary tumor  Metastasis

 Cancer: Breast, Lung, Colon, Prostate, Skin  Anemia  Leukemia  Sickle Cell Disorder  Hodgkins  Lymphoma

 Health History- genetic predisposition  Carcinogens ex: Smoking  Diet  Self care behaviors  Age

 Heredity  Age  Gender  Poverty  Stress  Sun Exposure  Diet  Occupation  Infection  Tobacco use  Alcohol use  Obesity

Courtesy of shutterstock.com

 External factors, including environmental exposure, are responsible for about 80% of cancer in North America ( ACS, 2007b)

 Incidence of Cancer varies among races  ACS data from 2007 show that African Americans have a higher incidence of cancer than white people and the death rate is higher

Among U.S. men, for all cancers combined— The rate of new cancer cases is highest among black men, followed by white, Hispanic*, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native men. Death rates are highest among black men, followed by white, Hispanic*, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander men. accessed 08April10www.cdc.gov

 Among U.S. women, for all cancers combined—  The rate of new cancer cases is highest among white women, followed by black, Hispanic*, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women. 2  Death rates are highest among black women, followed by white, American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic*, and Asian/Pacific Islander women. 2 *Hispanic is not mutually exclusive from white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, or American Indian/Alaska Native.

 Cancer will occur in about 1 of every 3 persons currently living in North America ( ACS, 2008)

 Psychosocial components  Education of disease  Developmental assessment in children  Management of treatment side effects

 Body image disturbance  Fear of unknown  Financial

Courtesy of shutterstockcom

 Collaborative care:  what is the best method for education  who is going to receive the information?

 Pediatric patients: developmental assessment  What stage is the child at?

 Assessment of patients with alterations in cellular metabolism will coincide with what alterations are occurring in the patients basic needs. Ex: Managing distressing symptoms occurring with therapy

 Grading system of Malignant tumors  Based on cellular aspects of the cancer  Gx-G4

 Classifies clinical aspects of the cancer  American Joint Committee on Cancer developed the tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system

 American Joint Committee on Cancer  Stage I—tumor invades up to muscle layer  Stage II—tumor invades up to other organs or perforates peritoneum  Stage III—any level of tumor invasion and up to 4 regional lymph nodes  Stage IV—any level of tumor invasion; many lymph nodes affected with distant metastasis