Space By Austin Burton

The Beginning, maybe… The Big Bang The theory that the universe started as a small and hot point in space. The point exploded releasing pure energy which cooled and became stars and galaxies. This explosion would explain why other galaxies are moving away from our own.

White Holes The big bang could have been a white hole. White holes constantly spew out light and energy unlike black holes, which suck everything in. White holes might not exist, we haven’t found any yet…

Supernovas and Black Holes Black holes can form out of a stars core after it goes supernova, which is when the star explodes releasing its outside layers. The core will become a black hole if its own gravitational pull makes it collapse in on itself. Once it condenses enough it can stabilize itself stopping the shrinking.

Black Holes Accretion Disk Jets The accretion disk is what we see when we look at black holes. This is where matter get pulled into orbit around the black hole. The matter bumps into each other creating massive amounts of heat and light from the friction. This also creates radiation in the form of x-rays which is released on the polar sides of the black holes. This is the jets that move are coming off the black hole. At this point the black hole is fully formed and has an incredibly strong gravitational pull that it can even catch light! Accretion Disk Jets

Stars Stars form from the gases that were released in the outside layer of supernovas. The gas’ own gravity slowly pulls itself together until it is compact enough to generate heat and begin fusion.

Fusion When two atoms have enough energy they can overcome their intermolecular forces and smash together creating a larger atom. This releases massive amounts of energy which is why stars are hot and bright. Fusion only works when the atoms being fused are lighter than the mass of iron because the binding energy for these atoms is extremely high. Anything heavier absorbs energy when fused instead of releasing energy.

Elements in Stars Element Percent of total # of atoms Percent of total mass New stars are generally composed entirely of lighter elements because of fusion. So as a result, older stars are usually found with more of the heavier elements. Our Sun is composed almost entirely of Hydrogen because it is still relatively young however, 66 other elements have been detected. Hydrogen Helium Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen Silicon Magnesium Neon Iron Sulfur 91.2 8.7 .078 .043 .0088 .0045 .0038 .0035 .003 .0015 71 27.1 .97 .4 .096 .099 .076 .058 .14 .04

Planets Planets form similarly to stars. The gases gradually pull themselves together, but in this case, the gases compact and cool into planets before fusion can take place. The heavy metals also play a part in preventing fusion because they absorb energy when fused instead of releasing energy.

Rockets There are two main types of rocket fuels, solid and liquid. Solid fueled rockets require use and ignition charge to ignite the fuel which burns until the fuel is exhausted. Liquid fueled rockets pump the liquid oxidizer and fuel into the combustion chamber where they ignite and provide thrust. Rockets

Advantages and Disadvantages Solid Fuel Burns efficiently Easy to store Cannot stop once ignited Fuel decomposes over time Liquid Fuel Variable thrust Can be turned on and off Easier to reuse Complex design Difficult to store and maintain over time Oxidizer needs to be kept very cold

Antimatter One of the greatest unsolved problems is why the universe seems to be composed almost entirely of matter and not an equal mixture of matter and antimatter. The big bang should logically have produced equal amounts of both When matter and antimatter come into contact they completely annihilate each other leaving behind all the energy that was contained in both of them. Antimatter has been found but it is so rare that man made antimatter is more common.

Questions? Antimatter Fusion Black Holes Planets Rockets White Holes Supernovas

Sources Big Bang: http://www.big-bang-theory.com/ , http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/origins-universe-article/#close-modal , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang White Holes: http://www.askamathematician.com/2013/04/q-are-white-holes-real/ , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole Black Holes: http://www.phys.vt.edu/~jhs/faq/blackholes.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole , http://hubblesite.org/explore_astronomy/black_holes/encyc_mod1_observatories.html , http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Sblkhole.htm Fusion/stars: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/stars/fusion.shtml , http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/suncomp.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion Solid Rocket fuel: http://homepages.sover.net/~sbjohn/chemistry/chemx/solidvsliquid.html , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-fuel_rocket , http://homepages.sover.net/~sbjohn/chemistry/chemx/fuels.html Liquid Rocket fuel: http://science.howstuffworks.com/rocket5.htm , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_rocket_propellants Antimatter: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimatter , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon_asymmetry Pictures: http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/photos/sun-gallery/#/trico_1261_600x450.jpg , http://rajmehta19.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/colorful_earth-wallpaper-1920x1080.jpg , http://cdn.phys.org/newman/gfx/news/hires/2012/hs-2004-20-a-full_jpg.jpg , http://cdn2.fiverrcdn.com/photo2s/1429156/v2_680/vlcsnap-2013-01-31-13h18m45s116.jpg?1359631314