Vaccines

Vaccines Our defense mechanism → Production of white blood cells and antibodies What does it mean to have immunity? It is the capacity to resist a disease that we have been exposed to by being able to fight off the infectious agent that causes the disease

White Blood Cells 2 ways of Defense 2 ways of Defense 1.Destroy infectious agents through PHAGOCYTOSIS 2. Produce antibodies → neutralize infectious agent and antigens they produce

White Blood Cells When exposed to infectious agent, our bodies produce antibodies to defeat it. Can take a few days or weeks to get the right antibodies (trial + error) If infectious agent is really dangerous, could have enough time to do some damage to body If infectious agent is re-introduced, will be defeated!

White Blood Cells Our immune system “REMEMBERS” Copies of antibodies will forever remain in our bodies

Vaccination Introduce “weakened” infectious agent into the body Cannot hurt us Just strong enough to teach body how to defeat it Not strong enough to take over Allows our bodies to defeat the disease if exposed to it

Vaccine Manufacturing Cell culture of infectious agent (growing cells) The cells are harmless LIVE VACCINE Result is : LIVE VACCINE INACTIVE VACCINE

Live vaccine Contains “live” infectious agent Infectious agent is chemically treated to make it impossible for it to cause the illness In order for the cells to live longer, they are mixed with other substances It is still alive! Live vaccines usually cause a more aggressive immune response

Live Vaccine Very rare: infectious agent can become “virulent”, meaning it can become strong enough to cause the disease instead of immunizing it! polio vaccine, mumps, measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1, yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu… Examples: polio vaccine, mumps, measles, chicken pox vaccine, H1N1, yellow fever, tuberculosis, seasonal flu… 2 methods of creating a live vaccine

Live Vaccine Traditional method: Traditional method: 1.Culture of infectious agent(growing the cells) 2.Chemical treatment of infectious agent to make it harmless 3.Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to live longer)

Live Vaccine Genetic Transformation Method Genetic Transformation Method 1.Genetically changing the cells of infectious agent 2.Culture of modified infectious agent (grow cells) 3.Addition of chemicals (to allow cells to live longer)

Inactive Vaccine Does not contain any live infectious agent Made by using only a part or parts of the infectious agent These parts can still be recognized by the body’s antibodies Parts are called = ANTIGENS Parts are called = ANTIGENS Find which antigens are causing the disease

Inactive Vaccine Isolate them and then treat them so that they become harmless Meningitis, hepatitis A & B, tetanus… Examples: Meningitis, hepatitis A & B, tetanus… 2 ways of producing inactive vaccines

Inactive Vaccine Traditional Method Traditional Method 1.Culture infectious agent 2.Isolate antigen 3.Addition of antigen to other pharmaceutical products for increased “shelf life”

Inactive Vaccine Genetic Transformation Method Genetic Transformation Method 1.Introduction of a gene that produces the antigen in a microorganism 2.Culture the microorganism 3.Isolate antigen 4.Addition of antigen to pharmaceutical products to increase “shelf life”

Mixtures 2 types Heterogeneous Heterogeneous Homogeneous Homogeneous

Heterogeneous Mixtures Made up of at least 2 substances that can be seen with the “naked eye” Vegetable soup Examples: Vegetable soupRocks Salt+ pepper mix Salad Blizzard at DQ

Homogeneous Mixtures cannot Made up of at least 2 substances that cannot be seen by the “naked eye” Colloid: Colloid: is a homogeneous mixture in which substances can be seen under a microscopic instrument

Solutions Are homogenous mixtures that are impossible to see its different parts even with a microscope Sugar and water Ex: Sugar and water → mix together, looks like you just have water The substance that seems to “disappear” into the other is called : the solute

Solutions The substance into which the “solute” dissolves is called: the solvent Examples of solution in the body: Saliva, sweat, tears, urine etc.. water!!! They all share a common solvent → water!!!

Properties of Solutions 2 There are 2 properties of solutions: 1.Concentration 1.Concentration → How much solute is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. Ex: Making “Kool-Aid” depends on how much powder (solute) you mix with the water (solvent)

Concentration Formula for Concentration Formula for Concentration C = M V V C = concentration (g/L) M = mass of solute (g) V = volume of the solution (L)

Concentration This can be shown in many different forms…  g/L : number of grams of solute in 1 litre of solution  % V/V : number of milliliters of solute in 100ml of solution Ex: 1. Bottle of water contains 45g of calcium per litre of water. Can be expressed like this: 0.045g/L

Concentration 45g of calcium: SOLUTE Water: SOLVENT 2. Bottle of vinegar with concentration of 5% v/v This means it contains 5ml of acetic acid for 100ml of vinegar solution.

Concentration Let’s try these simple problems…. 1. 2L of a salt water solution containing 5 g of salt. What is the concentration of the solution?

Concentration Answer: C=M V C= 5g = 2.5g 2L 1L 2.5g/L Ans: The concentration of the solution is 2.5g/L

Concentration 2. What mass of sugar do you need to make 300ml of a 5g/L sugar solution? Ans: You need to convert the 300ml into Litres first!!!! * You must divide the milliliters by 1000.

Concentration 300ml  1000 = 0.3L C=M V 5g/L = mass of solute 0.3L Cross multiply: 5g/L x 0.3L = 1.50g 1.50g Ans: You will need 1.50g of sugar.

Concentration 3. What mass of solute do you need to make 50ml of a 20g/L solution? Ans: Change 50ml to litres… 50ml  1000 = 0.05L C= M V 20g/L = mass of solute 0.05L

Concentration Cross multiply: 20g/L x 0.05L = 1g 1g Ans: 1g of solute is needed

Concentration How do you know if a solution is more concentrated than the other?  By how dark the solution is when comparing it to another…  This is an observation made by the naked eye.  When comparing, the darker the solution, the more concentrated…

Concentration  Also, by calculating the concentration… Concentration with a bigger number is always The stronger solution… Ex: 0.1g/L, 10g/L, 100g/L  Least Most Concentrated concentrated

Dilution DILUTION?  What is DILUTION? SOLVENT!!! This involves decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more SOLVENT!!!  How does it change the concentration of a solution? 1g/L Let’s look at a solution with a concentration of 1g/L

Dilution  How will the concentration change if we add 3L of water? solute does not After the dilution, the quantity of solute does not change. solute There is still 1g of solute in the solution ! quantity of solution has changed 4L1L But the quantity of solution has changed, there is now 4L instead of 1L!!!

Dilution We can write this out like this… The concentration is now 1g/4L!!! This means there is 1g of solute for every 4L of solution…OR 0.25g/L Divide 1g into 4L = 0.25g/L 1g/L 3L 0.25g/L !!!! So, you diluted a 1g/L solution with 3L of water to make a 0.25g/L solution!!!!

Dilution Let’s us a formula for this!!!! We already know…. C=M C=M  concentration= mass of solute V V volume of solution The mass always stays the same in a dilution!!!So, we can take it out of the equation! And use this….

Dilution C₁ V₁ =C₂ V₂ C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ C₁ V₁ C₁ V₁ = The initial solution C₂ V₂ C₂ V₂ = The final solution C₁ C₁ = Initial concentration (g/L) V₁ V₁ = initial volume (L) C₂ C₂ = Final concentration (g/L) V₂ V₂ = Final volume (L)

Dilution Let’s look at our example mathematically… C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂(plug in what you know) C₁ C₁ = 1g/L V₁ V₁ = 1L C₂ C₂ = ? V₂ V₂ = 4LDo the calculations…

Dilution C₁ V₁ C₂ V₂ C₁ V₁ = C₂ V₂ C₂ (1)x(1) = (C₂)x(4) C₂ 1 = (C₂)4 4 C₂ = 0.25g/L There’s your answer!!!!