Heaven never helps the man who will not act. - Sophocles -

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES ARE MADE OUT OF CHEMICALS? MILKBISCUITS TOOTH PASTEGASOLINE LAUNDRY SOAPAIR BROCOLLICHEESE KITTENSCOTTON WATERDR. PEPPER

ACTUALLY, THEY ARE ALL MADE OUT OF CHEMICALS. EVERYTHING AROUND YOU THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE IS MADE OUT OF ATOMS (MATTER). CHEMISTRY IS THE SCIENCE OF MATTER AND ITS INTERACTIONS.

THE STUFF THAT THINGS ARE MADE OF YOUR BODY HAS SOMETHING IN COMMON WITH STARS, FROGS, ROCKS, AND CLOUDS. ALL CONTAIN MATTER. MATTER IS ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE.

IN EVERYDAY LIFE, WE USE THE TERMS MASS AND WEIGHT INTERCHANGEABLY. MASS IS ACTUALLY INDEPENDENT OF GRAVITY. MASS IS A MEASURE OF HOW MUCH MATTER SOMETHING CONTAINS. MASS IS MEASURED ON A BALANCE BY COMPARING AN OBJECT OF KNOWN MASS TO THE OBJECT IN QUESTIOIN. WEIGHT IS A MEASURE OF THE FORCE DUE TO GRAVITY.

WE DETERMINE THE MASS OF AN OBJECT BY USING A BALANCE. THIS COMPARES THE MASS OF THE SUBSTANCE WE ARE INVESTIGATING TO KNOWN MASSES. WEIGHT IS A FUNCTION OF GRAVITY. AT SEA LEVEL, THE MASS OF AN OBJECT WOULD BE THE SAME AS ITS WEIGHT. WHAT WOULD BE THE WEIGHT OF A 1 KILOGRAM OBJECT IN OUTER SPACE (ZERO GRAVITY)? WHAT WOULD BE ITS MASS?

MATTER COMES IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES. ELEMENTS - MADE OF ONLY ONE KIND OF ATOM. EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS: GOLD, SILVER, NITROGEN, IRON, COPPER, HYDROGEN, OXYGEN THERE ARE SLIGHTLY OVER 110 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS.

COMPOUNDS -MATTER MADE OF TWO OR MORE KINDS OF ATOMS CHEMICALLY COMBINED (MOLECULES). EXAMPLES OF COMPOUNDS: WATER, SUGAR, SALT, PROTEINS, FATS, CARBON DIOXIDE THERE ARE MILLIONS OF DIFFERENT COMPOUNDS.

SODIUM CHLORIDE METHANE

MATTER ELEMENTS – made of one kind of atom, examples include carbon, gold, silver, oxygen COMPOUNDS – made of one kind of molecule, examples include water, sugar, salt (a molecule is a group of two or more atoms chemically combined) MIXTURE – a mix of elements or compounds without forming any new chemical bonds If the mixture has uniform composition throughout, it is a HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE. If the mixture does not have uniform composition throughout, it is a HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE.

PURE SUBSTANCE MORE THAN ONE KIND OF ATOM ONE KIND OF ATOM ELEMENT COMPOUND

VARIABLE COMPOSITION COMPOSITION VARIES FROM POINT TO POINT HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE COMPOSITION THE SAME FROM POINT TO POINT HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

NOW, IF WE ARE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT MATTER, WE NEED TERMS TO DESCRIBE IT. INTENSIVE PROPERTY – A PHYSICAL PROPERTY THAT DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE AMOUNT OF MATTER EXAMPLES – MELTING POINT, COLOR, BOILING POINT, DENSITY, HARDNESS EXTENSIVE PROPERTY – A PHYSICAL PROPERTY THAT DEPENDS ON THE AMOUNT OF MATTER EXAMPLES – MASS, VOLUME NOTE: SOMETIMES THE TERMS INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC ARE USED.

QUICK NOTE PHYSICAL CHANGE – NO CHANGE IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OCCURS EXAMPLES – MELTING, BOILING, CUTTING CHEMICAL CHANGE – A CHANGE IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OCCURS, CHEMICAL BONDS ARE BROKEN AND/OR REFORMED

DENSITY ONE PROPERTY THAT WE WILL USE A GREAT DEAL IN DESCRIBING SUBSTANCES IS DENSITY. DENSITY IS AN INTENSIVE PROPERTY, BUT IT IS MADE UP OF TWO EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES, MASS AND VOLUME. DENSITY = MASS / VOLUME THINK OF IT AS HOW COMPACT THE MASS IS IN AN OBJECT. THE UNITS ARE grams/milliliter or g/ml