Basic Anatomy Terminology- Unit C Small Animals

External Features and Bones Competency: 5.01 Summarize the major parts of small animals

Basic Anatomy Terminology 1. Cheek- fleshy side of the face 2. Dewlap- loose skin under the chin 3. Elbow- upper joint of the front leg 4. Flank- fleshy part of the side 5. Foot pad- part that the animal walks on 6. Forearm- front limb just below the elbow 7. Guard hair- longer course hair above the shorter under fur (protection)

Basic Anatomy Terminology 8. Hock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb 9. Loin- fleshy part of the side under the spinal column 10. Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) 11. Nose pad Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects Called the nose leather in cats

Basic Anatomy Terminology 12. Rump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter 13. Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg 14. Stifle- joint above the hock 15. Thigh- area between the rump and hock 16. Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Birds 1. Crown top of the head 2. Ear covert feathers covering the ears 3. Mandible upper or lower segment of the bill 4. Nape back of the neck 5. Orbital ring ring around the eye

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Brille  transparent layer covering eyes  Eyelid for snakes Fins  Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods  Enables fish to move through water

Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles 3. Gills  Major organ of the respiratory system  Breath without lungs 4. Scales  Modified portion of the epidermal layer  Provides protection 5. Scutes  Epidermal scales found on turtles

D. Skeletal Anatomy Define major skeletal parts of small animals

Skeletal System Axial skeleton  vertebral column  Ribs  Sternum  skull

Dog Skeleton

Dog Skeleton AXIAL

Skeletal System Pectoral limb  front limbs shoulders, legs and feet scapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

Dog Skeleton Pectoral limbs

Skeletal System Pelvic limb  rear legs and pelvic bones hooks pin bones femur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)

Dog Skeleton Pelvic limbs

Rabbit Skeleton

Rabbit Skeleton

2- Structure and Purposes A- Purposes- PROTECT vital body organs and give form or shape to the body 1- Skull protects Brain Ribs = lungs & Internal Organs 2- Spinal column/ Backbone protects spinal cord and gives animal shape

3-Skeletal System-Birds Have some unique bones unlike mammals  Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head  Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

E- INTERNAL ANATOMY Discuss the role of internal organs in small animals

Major organs and systems Heart  major organ in the circulatory system  3 muscle layers

Circulatory System- 3 Layers 1- Myocardium  second layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart 2- Endocardium  thin layer inside myocardium 3- Epicardium  thin cover over the myocardium

Layers of the Heart

Heart

Circulatory System Other parts of the circulatory system are  Arteries  Capillaries  Veins  Blood

Circulatory System- Functions Role of Circulatory system to move: Nutrients Metabolic Waste Oxygen Protects against microbes and injury

2-Kidneys and Bladder Part of the excretory system  rids the body of waste  maintain chemical composition  volume of blood  regulates tissue fluid

3-Stomach and Intestines Major part of digestive system  breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

4- Lungs Part of the respiratory system  oxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

5-Nervous System Brains, spinal cord, and nerves  Coordinator of all body activities  Regulates other systems  Controls memory and learning

6-Reproductive system Ovaries and testes  Egg from Ovaries  Sperm from testes Help produce new individuals of the same species

7-Muscular System Muscles  Movement  Posture  Support  Produces heat

F- Digestive System Discuss the digestive process in a ruminant’s digestive system.

Non-Ruminants Single-stomached Mono-gastric  includes all of these mammals Dogs Cats Humans

Rabbits Non-ruminant herbivores  Consumes large amounts of roughage  Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines contains bacteria

2- Rabbits & Birds Rabbits and Birds are Classified as Non- ruminants even though their system is slightly different.

Rabbit Digestive System

Rabbits A- Rabbits digestive system is like a horse  They have Large Cecum ( large and small intestines join) with bacteria present B- Rabbits can eat more high quality roughage than other small animals and convert them to nutrients.

Rabbits Rabbits eat undigested feces  Coprophagy  Usually occurs late night or early morning  Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum

Birds Lack teeth  Saliva is added to aid in swallowing Very little breakdown in the mouth Gizzard  Largest digestive organ  Grinds and crushes

Digestive System- Bird

Digestive Process of Non-Ruminants 1- Food is broken down in mouth  (except birds) 2- Passes to the stomach  (gizzard for birds) 3- Small Intestine  Primary site of digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Path of food, cont. 4- Large Intestine  rest of undigested food enters here  Absorption of Water  Addition of mucus to aid in passage of waste

Fish Digestive System Systems vary  Type of feed fish eat - determines teeth Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

Fish digestive system

Small Animal Reproduction Competency: 5.01 G Analyze Reproduction in Small Animals

Sexual Reproduction Union of egg and sperm to produce new animal Two parents are required  Natural Insemination- Copulation Male  Spermatozoa or male sex cell Female  Egg or ovum (female sex cell)

Trout Spermatozoa

Sexual Terminology Conception Creation of new life by fertilization Fertilization Union of egg and sperm Estrus  Heat period when Female is receptive to breeding and will Stand for mating

Estrus- Stand for mating

Sexual Terminology Gestation  Period of pregnancy  Begins with conception ends at parturition Ovulation  Release of egg

Parturition  Process of giving birth  “Part the Waters” Pregnant  State of Baby development in reproductive tract

3-Female Reproductive Anatomy Ovary  Primary reproductive organ  Produces the female gamete (egg) Gamete  Sex cell that unites with other sex cells Embryo  Developing young in mammals  Enters uterus after 3-5 days

3- Female Reproductive Anatomy Uterus  Place of embryo growth and development Cervix  Part of uterus that contains rings  Cervical mucus Seals uterus during pregnancy Keeps out Contaminants

Female Reproductive Anatomy Vagina ( 2 for 1 deal!)  Reproductive passageway  Urine excretion Vulva  External opening of reproductive tract

Male Reproductive Anatomy Testicle  Primary organ  Produces male gametes Two testes are externally held in scrotum * Controls temperature Sheath  Fold of skin acts like Protective covering

5-Gestation Time from conception to parturition (birth)  Varies for each species General Characteristics  Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite, weight  Restlessness is a sign- the end (of gestation) is near!

End of Gestation Pocket pets and rabbits  They can do it by themselves, don’t excite or bother them.  Nesting box should be provided Wood shavings Straw Paper Dogs and cats  Birthing box One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

Gestation Period SpeciesPeriod (days) Cats51-65 (7-9 weeks) Dogs56-70 (9-10 weeks) Rabbits30-32 (4-4.5 weeks) Hamsters16 Gerbils24-26 Rats21-24 Mice21-24 Guinea Pig56-74 Ferrets42