P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 1/19 The Virtual Observatory Paolo Padovani Head, Virtual Observatory Project Office, ESO EURO-VO AIDA Project Scientist

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 2/19 The way Astronomy works Telescopes (ground- and space-based, covering the full electromagnetic spectrum)  Observatories Instruments (telescope/band dependent)  Observatories/Consortia Publications  Journals Data curation (metadata + tables & catalogues)  Data curators Data analysis software (instrument dependent)  Observatories/Consortia/Researchers Active Archives  Observatories/Agencies … and Public Outreach  Observatories/Agencies

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 3/19 Information Avalanche Huge surveys:100 million sources at 100 years to identify them Ever fainter sources routinely surpassing the identification limits of m telescopes [R ≈ 25]25 Huge data collections: download and data analysis on desktop problematic/impossible. Example: downloading Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR6 data: images (10 Terabytes)  ~ 3 months at 10 Mbps (ESO’s speed) catalogues (2 Terabytes)  ~ 3 weeks on DVDs  ~ 2,100 of them And data analysis?? (similar size for MACHO, 2MASS etc …)

R ~ 25.5, VLT/FORS2, t exp ~ 2.5 hrs (Szokoly et al. 2004)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 5/19 Instruments Data Headers Telescope control Logs Observatories Outreach Products Calibrations Raw Data Processed Data Analysis Data Products Catalogues Software Computing Publications Papers Tables Figures courtesy of P. Quinn

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 6/19 The Virtual Observatory The Virtual Observatory (VO) is an innovative, still evolving, system to:  take advantage of astronomical data explosion  allow astronomers to interrogate multiple data centres in a seamless and transparent way and to utilize at best astronomical data  permit remote computing and data analysis  foster new science Web: all documents inside PC; VO: all astronomical databases inside PC VO  democratization of astronomy! All of the above requires the various players to speak the same language  VO standards and protocols defined and adopted within the IVOA (International Virtual Observatory Alliance), which includes 16 projects world-wide

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 7/19 16 China India Canada Spain Italy Armenia France Germany Hungary Japan Korea USA Russia UK AustraliaEurope (soon to be 17 with Brazil)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 8/19 The European View: the EURO-VO Successor to the Astrophysical Virtual Observatory (AVO), which was a 5 M€, Phase A study ( /5) on the scientific requirements and technology for building the VO in Europe, 50% funded by European Community (Fifth Framework Programme [FP5]) Includes 8 partners: ESO, European Space Agency (ESA), plus six national nodes: INAF (Italy), INSU (France), INTA (Spain), NOVA (Netherlands), PPARC (UK), and RDS (Germany) Has three components: Data Centre Alliance, Technology Centre, Facility Centre Partly funded by the EC but substantial (> 50%) partner support

An alliance of European data centres who will populate the EURO-VO with data, provide the physical storage and computational fabric and who will publish data, metadata and services to the EURO-VO using VO technologies A distributed organization that coordinates a set of research and development projects on the advancement of VO technology, systems and tools in response to scientific and community requirements An operational organization, that provides the EURO-VO with a persistent, centralized registry for resources, standards and certification mechanisms as well as community support for VO technology take-up and scientific programs. EURO- VO’s “public face”

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 10/19 The EURO-VO Project: AIDA The “Astronomical Infrastructure for Data Access (AIDA)” project is funded by the EC FP7 through the Infrastructure call INFRA “Scientific Digital Repositories” AIDA has the same partners as the EURO-VO Project started on Feb. 1, 2008, which ensures continuation of European-wide VO activities at least until mid-2010 AIDA is a combination of DCA, VOTC, and FC activities AIDA aims at unifying the digital data collection of European astronomy, integrating their access mechanisms with evolving e- technologies and enhancing the science extracted from these data-sets One of AIDA’s main goals is to support the European astronomical community in their exploitation of astronomical data through VO tools

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 11/19 AIDA Research Initiatives Call for Proposals issued April 2008 by EURO-VO project, through the ESO/ESA managed Facility Centre Aim: scientific and technical support to teams interested in carrying out astronomical projects utilising VO tools; support will last 1 yr (until Sep. 15) with a goal of a refereed publication Seven proposals received, three projects selected by EURO-VO Science Advisory Committee and EURO-VO project:  Is a galaxy’s disk scale-length universal? (PI Fathi [Sweden]; CDS/Astrogrid)  Spectral energy distributions of 2XMM-selected AGN (PI Gil- Merino [Spain]; SVO)  AGN feedback and quenching of star formation: a multiwavelength approach (PI Lobo [Portugal]; ESO) Next call due by June

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 12/19 AIDA Workshops Multi-wavelength Astronomy and the VO Community Workshop, ESAC, Madrid, Dec , 2008 ( Goals: –Identify needs and challenges multi-wavelength astronomy will be facing in the coming years –Identify how the VO can meet them –Bring together experts in multi-wavelength astronomy and VO scientists and engineers –Overall rationale: scientific needs to drive the technological development; vital to get input from the astronomical community Topics: multi-wavelength Astronomy, VO tools and standards, Surveys, “Putting it all together” - recent science using the VO Next Community Workshop by the end of the year (topic TBD)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 13/19 Science and the Virtual Observatory The ultimate goal of the VO is to facilitate the work of astronomers and foster new science. This is done directly by: allowing easier/better access to (ever larger amounts of) data providing new/improved research tools (see vo.org/pub/fc/software.html) vo.org/pub/fc/software.html And indirectly by: motivating data centres to: 1.agree on common standards (esp. for information exchange) 2.provide homogeneous meta-data (data about data) and quality flags 3.produce and/or collect science-ready data Indirect ways not easily linkable to the VO!

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 14/19 The VO and science-ready data Astronomical research nowadays needs a variety of multi- wavelength data Access to individual archives is time-consuming and not easy: different astronomical archives have widely different access/search interfaces and standards/conventions Data reduction requires widely specialized, complex analysis software for various bands (radio, IR, optical, X-ray, etc.) Astronomers need and want reduced data! The VO provides access to science-ready data. But only if: they exist! the data provider has gone through the (often small) effort of “publishing them” to the VO (= following VO standards)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 15/19 A selection of VO-based astronomical papers List of VO-based papers at Papers which make “heavy” use of VO tools and services Lower limit to papers which are VO-related Selected (almost randomly) recent results to show diversity of problems which can be tackled with VO tools: 1.Using VO tools to investigate distant radio starburst hosting obscured AGN in the HDF(N) region, Richards et al., A&A, 472, 805 (2007) 2.Albus 1: a very bright White Dwarf candidate, Caballero & Solano, ApJ, 665, L151 (2007) 3.Flare productivity of newly-emerged paired and isolated solar active regions, Dalla, Fletcher, & Walton, A&A, 468, 1103 (2007) 4.Radio-loud Narrow-Line Type 1 Quasars, Komossa et al., AJ, 132, 531 (2006) 5.Luminous AGB stars in nearby galaxies. A study using VO tools, Tsalmantza et al., A&A, 447, 89 (2006)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 16/19 AIDA “Hands-on” Workshop Goal: expose (young) European astronomers to VO tools and services so that they can use them efficiently for their own research Methods: –lecture and tutor the participants on the usage of such tools –give real life examples of scientific applications (some selected from those submitted by participants) –hands-on exercises Participants: 40 students (out of ~ 75 applicants) + ~ 15 tutors Hope: –participants become proficient in using VO tools for their research –participants act as “catalysts” in their home institutions, exposing also their more senior colleagues to the VO Likely to be repeated at the national level by some Euro-VO partners (e.g., VO-France, ESO “VO day”)

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 17/19 Workshop Programme Today: –introduction to VO tools in a series of presentations –work-groups set-up Tuesday and Wednesday: –software check –hands-on work: some tools are still “shaky”, so please be patient! use cases might seem easy to do now, but have required quite some work on the tutors’ side VO science still requires astrophysical judgement! Thursday: –group presentations –feedback and discussion

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 18/19 Workshop Practicalities Workgroups rooms: Extragalactic 1: Council Room Extragalactic 2: Auditorium Galactic 1: Room 231 Galactic 2: Room 232 Hotels: hopefully all set by now Transportation: U6 (see school Web page) Lunches: provided at ESO (Thursday excluded) Workshop dinner on Tuesday at the Augustiner in Munich (see school Web page) Forms for travel reimbursement: see Stella

P. Padovani, March 30, 2009, Euro-VO AIDA School - 19/19 … and now on with the workshop!