Bellringer How did the development of the U.S. Constitution represent a response to the political problems Americans faced prior to independence? The states were granted more authority and protections than they had previously enjoyed. The ratification of the plan of government required unanimous approval by the states. The powers of the national government were reduced, and majority rule was enshrined as the supreme law. The economic powers of the national government were strengthened, and the rights of individuals were guaranteed.

Constitution and Bill of Rights QC Standards B.1.i. Interpret the ideas and principles expressed in the U.S. Constitution B.1.j. Explain the development of the Bill of Rights, and assess various debates of the day   Learning Targets U1T14 - I can compare/contrast the views of Federalists and Anti-federalists U1T15 - I can identify the basic structure of the Constitution and principles/themes it includes. U1T16 - I can explain the addition of the Bill of Rights and describe its protections.

Introduction - lists 6 goals for American government: Form a more perfect Union Establish Justice Insure domestic tranquility (Peace) Provide for the common Defense Promote the general Welfare Secure the Blessings of Liberty. 7 articles create 3 branches and describe how each will work. Changes made to the Constitution. First ten = Bill of Rights (1791); list individual freedoms and protections.

5 Principles of the Constitution Popular Sovereignty. Separation of Powers. Checks & Balances. Limited Government. Federalism.

Basic Principles: Popular Sovereignty Power belongs to the people and government must be based on the “consent of the governed”. Expanded by amendments 15, 19, and 26 (gave the right to vote to non-whites, women, and 18 year olds)

Basic Principles: Separation of Powers 3 branches divide powers to: make laws (congress/legislative) manage laws (president/executive) interpret laws (courts/judicial)

Basic Principles: Checks and Balances Each branch of government has some control over the others. Example: Congress passes laws and the President may veto those laws. In turn, Congress may refuse to provide funds the President requests for implementing programs.

Basic Principles: Limited Government Government does not hold all the power and that it does only those things that people allow it to do. Examples: Presidents can be impeached, representatives voted out of office, judges denied confirmation by the Senate.

Basic Principles: Federalism Power between the national level and the states is divided. Federal (National) Power Only = Delegated Powers State Power Only = Reserved Powers Both Federal and State = Concurrent Powers

Ratification of the Constitution

Historical Context Even after the Constitution was written, 9 of 13 state legislatures still had to ratify (approve) the new law of the land. Ratification was closely contested nationally during 1787 and 1788. Rejection by any of the four most prominent states - MA, NY, PA, or VA would have doomed the Constitution

Federalists v. Anti-Federalists

Federalists Anti-Federalists Favored a strong nat’l gov’t – they were for the Constitution. Wanted to limit state power Supporters = Large farmers, merchants, artisans Wrote the Federalists Papers (propaganda for the new Constitution) Opposed a strong nat’l gov’t – they were against the Constitution. Strong support for local control Supporters = Small farmers, often from rural areas Write on own paper.

Wealth

Occupation

The Federalist Papers Essays by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay Blessings of national government Criticism of the Articles of Confederation Defense of the Constitution Analysis on the costs and benefits of freedom.

Ratification of the Constitution: Who Supports? Who Opposes? This country should never be split into a number of unsocial, jealous, and alien sovereignties [territories]. The states should respectively have laws, courts, force, and revenues of their own sufficient for their own security; they ought to be fit to keep house alone if necessary. One government . . . never can extend equal benefits to all parts of the United States. Different laws, customs, and opinions exist in the different states, which by a uniform system of laws would be unreasonable. I am against inserting a declaration of rights in the Constitution . . . If such an addition is not dangerous, it is at least unnecessary. A bill of rights . . . serves to secure the minority against the usurpation [takeover] and tyranny [cruelty] of the majority. 1 Fed 2 Anti 3 Anti 4 Fed 5 Anti

Do these artists support or oppose ratification of the Constitution?

Ratification of the Constitution   Yes No 1 December 7, 1787 Delaware 30 2 December 11, 1787 Pennsylvania 46 23 3 December 18, 1787 New Jersey 38 4 January 2, 1788 Georgia 26 5 January 9, 1788 Connecticut 128 40 6 February 6, 1788 Massachusetts 187 168 7 April 26, 1788 Maryland 63 11 8 May 23, 1788 South Carolina 149 73 9 June 21, 1788 New Hampshire 57 47 10 June 25, 1788 Virginia 89 79 July 26, 1788 New York 27 12 November 21, 1789 North Carolina 194 77 13 May 29, 1790 Rhode Island 34 32

Bill of Rights The Federalists agreed to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution This meant the Constitution can be ratified or changed First 10 amendments/changes to the Constitution are called the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights Amendment 1- Freedoms, Petitions, Assembly Amendment 2 -Right to bear arms Amendment 3 -Quartering of soldiers Amendment 4 -Search and arrest Amendment 5 -Rights in criminal cases Amendment 6 -Right to a fair trial Amendment 7 -Rights in civil cases Amendment 8 -Bail, fines, punishment Amendment 9 -Rights retained by the People Amendment 10 - States' rights

Bill of Rights and Current Issues Make a list on the board of all of the things that you expect to be different when you go to college. Put a star next to the list of expectations that have to do with the First Amendment (speech, press, religion, association, assembly, and petition) If your list does not include all of these rights, think of examples of each one. https://s3.amazonaws.com/Elections/College+Bill+of+Rights+Lesson+and+Posters.pdf

Current Issues in the News Read the current event issues about the first amendment Answer the questions. Make sure to answer each question completely!

Wrap Up Is there a difference between the First Amendment rights of high school and college students? Why or why not? What sorts of things can college students do to exercise First Amendment rights that high school students may not be able to? In practice, how are college students’ First Amendment rights limited compared to other adults’ rights? Do you believe that these limitations are constitutional? Why or why not?

Remember test tomorrow!!! Exit Slip: Finish Exit Slip/Study Guide Paper Homework due tomorrow!!!! Remember test tomorrow!!! Binder due tomorrow!!!!!