Changes on the Western Frontier

The Culture of the Plains Indians Great Plains- western central portion of the United States _______ brought horses NA’s used Buffalo-horn for bowls and spoons, bones for tools, hoofs for glue, hide for clothing, tepees, and shields NA view of land ownership?

Government and NA’s Originally all the Great Plains were one ______ but the Govt changed – why? Sand Creek Massacre-attack at dawn Nov 29 th, 1864 killing 150 mostly _____ NA’s-attacked settlers on the Bozeman Trail – Govt signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie – giving the NA another _____

Let’s Get Back to Fighting American’s Views Red River War Nice tribes went to a ________ all others _______ “Destroy their villages and ponies, to kill and hang all warriors, and to bring back all women and children” One problem…The ______ are filled with GOLD!! Gen Custer wanted Little Big Horn– but _____ would not allow – so what happened?

Sitting Bull’s Resistance After Little Big Horn – Sitting Bull fought other American’s and was forced to run away to _______ why? Eventually they returned why? When they returned they were told to ________ There were no more ______ Other problems…

Assimilate or Else Meanwhile back in America… Helen Hunt Jackson- A Century of Dishonor (1881)- book about what? The Dawes Act attempt to Americanize Indians- gave _____ to Indians - promised many things but what actually happened? What happened to the Buffalo?

NA Response is to Dance! Sitting Bull was to be arrested why? But what happened? December 28, 1890 – 7 th Calvary (Custer’s old men) rounded up 350 NA’s Ordered NA’s to give up all weapons but all of a sudden a shot was fired so… Revenge for Little Big Horn Called Battle of Wounded Knee End of Indian era

Cattle Becomes Big Business Demand for beef after Civil War- railroads / and no more ______ Led to Chilsolm Trail Who taught us how to raise? Texas Longhorns or… What are these words? Chaparreras, charqui, bronco caballo, mestenos, rancho Towns were created why?

A Day in the Life of a Cowboy 55,000 people worked as cowboys, 25% AA Long hours hours when at ranch 14 when on trail, young & old, Roundup in Spring—what did they do? Long Drive – took them to market ___ cowboy for every cattle

What ended the open range? Overgrazing- Bad Weather- Barbed Wire-

Settlers Move Westward to Farm – But how do they get there? Railroads- 1860s – 2 Major Companies Central Pacific & Union Pacific How were they paid? Why? Government supported settlement Homestead Act acres if… Exodusters who are they? Sooners who are they?

Railroads – Cont… 90% of workers were Chinese Immigrants What happened in Promontory Point Utah? Even back then there were tree huggers so what formed? Which was a good thing!

What kind of Challenges?? Where to live: Dugouts & Soddies—why? A Women’s Work is never done! Technical Support for Farmers John Deere - ____ Cyrus McCormick-__________

Struggles Continued Agricultural Education Morrill Act of 1862 & 1890 Farmer’s in Debt—why? Bonanza Farms— What were they and did they help the cause?? How did the RR’s affect this as well?

Farmers Unite Farmers were in a vicious cycle of debt Do we want greenbacks or not? What’s the problem… Farmers wanted more money why? Wheat prices ____ RR’s charging _____ Farmers needed to organize to make change – why?

Farmers Uniting Cont… Oliver Hudson Kelley formed the Patrons of Husbandry later known as the Grange what did they do?? This lead to the Farmers’ Alliance Not just farmers others who wanted to help—Membership up to 4 ____ What about AA’s??

Rise and Fall of the Populist 1892 – The Populist Party was formed What they Wanted 1. Increase $$ Supply 2. Graduated Income Tax 3. Federal Loan Program 4. Election of Senators – Term limitations 5. 8 Hr Work day – Restrictions on Immigration

Panic of 1893-Similar to ____ Farmers in too much ____ RR’s went bankrupt People traded paper money for _____ Caused investments to go ____-Silver ____ By Dec 1894 – 20% of US unemployed

How to Handle the Panic Country is divided politically N – RepublicanS – Democrats, & Populist Biggest issue is how to back our Money GoldSilver & Gold “Gold Bugs”“Silverites” Bankers/BusinessFarmers/Workers Value of $$ _____Value of $$ _______

1896 Election and the End of Populism William McKinley (R) vs. William Jennings Bryan (D) (P) Cross of Gold Speech 1896 Election—Who wins? How? What happens? Areas supported who?