Keystone Review Biochemistry Water pH

Carbon Carbon can form lots of bonds (and shapes) because it has four electrons in its outer energy level

Carbon variety Branched chain

Covalent bond—SHARING

Carbon double bond and triple bond

Macromolecules of Life Living things rely on 4 macromolecules – CARBOHYDRATES – LIPIDS – PROTEINS – NULCEIC ACIDS Each macromolecule is made up of smaller building blocks called monomers. (mono means one. A macromolecule is a polymer (poly means many)

Macromolecule (Polymer) Building Block (Monomer) CarbohydrateMonosaccharide LipidFatty Acid ProteinAmino Acid Nucleic AcidNucleotide

Monomer and Polymer

Monomers are like legos… You can put them together in whatever way you dream up!

Condensation reaction AKA Dehydration synthesis

Carbohydrate Used for short term energy in the body

Carbohydrate polymers

Cellulose a carbohydrate used for structure

Glycogen use and storage

Lipids – Long term energy storage

Cell membrane phospholipids

Lipids Can also insulate the body

Protein THREE JOBS Provide structure—hair Support—muscles Speed up reactions

Catalyst (type of protein) Speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed

Enzyme

pH – changes enzymes

Temperature changes enzymes

Concentration The amount of substrate limits the activity of the enzyme

Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids hold information in code There are 2 types – DNA and RNA

Nucelic acid

Nucleic acids are made up of building blocks called NUCLEOTIDES. Building block

DNA is always found in the NUCLEUS, or center of the cell (in prokaryotes). – DNA is in the shape of a DOUBLE HELIX. DNA

RNA can travel throughout the cell, because it carries INFORMATION on how to make PROTEIN and other vital cell parts. – RNA is generally a SINGLE STRAND. RNA

Water Polar molecule Oxygen & hydrogen share electrons but not equally

Why is water “sticky” Hydrogen bonds The slight negative end and slight positive end of each water sticks to each other

Properties of water Polarity Cohesion – Surface tension – Capillary action Adhesion Universal solvent High specific heat Less dense as a solid

pH scale Runs from 0 to 14 Below 7 is acidic 7 is neutral Above 7 is basic Measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution