Engineering the Advanced Power Grid: Research Challenges and Tasks M. L. Crow, F. Liu, B. McMillin, D. Tauritz {crow, fliu, ff, University of Missouri-Rolla Rolla, MO Workshop on Research Directions for Security and Networking in Critical Real-Time and Embedded Systems (CRTES ‘06) RTAS 2006, San Jose, CA, Tuesday, April 4 th, 2006 Research supported in part by NSF through MRI award CNS (UMR), CAREER award CCF (WUSTL), and EHS award CCR (KU); by DOE/Sandia (UMR); and by DARPA through PCES contract F (WUSTL and KU) C. Gill Washington University St. Louis, MO D. Niehaus University of Kansas Lawrence, KS

2 - Advanced Power Grid – 2/19/2016 Critical Infrastructure: Advanced Power Grid US DOE “Grid 2030” vision motivates new CRTES research Large, complex, interconnected, real-time, critical networks Need integrated, decentralized, robust, survivable control

3 - Advanced Power Grid – 2/19/2016 Challenges: Modeling and Semantic Integration Formal methods are needed »Timing and concurrency of physical and cyber elements »Domain-specific optimizations for model checking, etc. »Co-design of verification and validation: tractable fidelity Co-design also needed for »Hardware and software »Control applications and system infrastructure »Resource management and system monitoring at run-time

4 - Advanced Power Grid – 2/19/2016 Challenges: Real-Time Control Long-term control (minutes) »A wider range of distributed algorithms (e.g., Max Flow++) »Architectures for distributed real-time coordination »Verification of mitigation and recovery strategies/scenarios Dynamic control (seconds) »Characterize effects of delays on control modes and stability »Characterize and improve timing bounds for computation and communication technologies »Design local and “one hop” protocols for improved control

5 - Advanced Power Grid – 2/19/2016 Challenges: Fault-Tolerance and Security Fault/attack isolation is crucial »Identify interaction channels empirically and through verification »Remove unnecessary interaction channels where possible »Prevent interference with critical constraints over remaining channels Non-bypassability matters too »Ability of one interaction to bypass isolation of another interaction »Impacts fault propagation as well as adversarial attack scenarios »Can model checking and other formal techniques help to verify non- bypassability in real-world settings?

6 - Advanced Power Grid – 2/19/2016 Concluding Remarks We have outlined research problems for the advanced power grid in three topic areas »Modeling and semantic integration »Real-time control »Fault-tolerance and security The topics comprise a new field: power informatics »Needs integration of results from CS, EE, ME, SSM, … »Raises new problems at intersections of the disciplines Similar cross-disciplinary fields in other areas »Automotive, medical devices, aerospace, petrochemical, … »Critical infrastructure lessons to be learned in each area