Agent-Based Firmographic Models: A Simulation Framework for the City of Hamilton By Hanna Maoh and Pavlos Kanaroglou Center for Spatial Analysis (CSpA) School of Geography and Geology McMaster University Processus 2 nd International Colloquium on the Behavioral Foundation of Integrated Land use and Transportation Models: Frameworks, Models and Applications University of Toronto, ON, June 12 – 15 h, 2005

Outline Introduction Introduction The Demography of Firms The Demography of Firms Modeling Framework Modeling Framework Study Area and Firm Micro-Data Study Area and Firm Micro-Data Modeling Methods Modeling Methods Overview of Results Overview of Results Future Research Future Research Acknowledgments Acknowledgments

Introduction Assess the sustainable of cities via Integrated Land use and Transportation Models Assess the sustainable of cities via Integrated Land use and Transportation Models The agent-based Approach The agent-based Approach The change in firm location is an important aspect when developing IUMS The change in firm location is an important aspect when developing IUMS Concepts from firm demography to model the evolution of business establishment population Concepts from firm demography to model the evolution of business establishment population

The Demography of Firms Firm demography is dedicated to the study of processes that relates to: Firm demography is dedicated to the study of processes that relates to: –Formation of new firms (birth or entry) –Failure of existing firms (death or exit) –Migration of existing firms (local and regional) –Growth and decline of firms It is concerned with identifying and quantifying the causes associated with firmographic processes It is concerned with identifying and quantifying the causes associated with firmographic processes

Evolutionary Process of Business Establishment Population Intra-urban mobile establishments* In-migrated establishments Newly formed establishments Establishment population at time t Establishment population at time t + 1 Out-migrated establishments Failed establishments ++ ––

Modeling Framework Establishment population t Failure submodul e Establishment population t+1 Newly formed & in-migrating establishments t+1 Mobility submodul e Location choice submodul e Growth submodul e Establishment population t Survivals Establishment population t+1 Newly formed & in-migrating establishments t+1 Migrants Assign a business to a site Size of business t+1 Firmographic Processes Processes Output

Real Estate Market A market for industrial and commercial floor space at the parcel level drives the framework A market for industrial and commercial floor space at the parcel level drives the framework This market is influenced by: This market is influenced by: 1. The firmographic events: Demand for floor-space is generated by the newly formed, relocating and in-migrating establishments Demand for floor-space is generated by the newly formed, relocating and in-migrating establishments Failure, departing current location (out-migration or intra- urban migration) free up floor space Failure, departing current location (out-migration or intra- urban migration) free up floor space Growth, decline, merging and splitting also contributes to change in floor space Growth, decline, merging and splitting also contributes to change in floor space 2.Development and redevelopment practices influence the available floor-space

Firm Micro-Data: Statistics Canada Business Register (BR) Maintain annual information about business establishments in Canada since 1990 Maintain annual information about business establishments in Canada since 1990 Confidential and can only be used to conduct statistical analysis Confidential and can only be used to conduct statistical analysis Attributes: Establishment size, location (postal code and SGC), SIC code and Establishment Number (EN) Attributes: Establishment size, location (postal code and SGC), SIC code and Establishment Number (EN) BR provides the life trajectory of business establishments over space and time BR provides the life trajectory of business establishments over space and time BR can be used to measure firmographic events such as: the formation, migration, location choice, failure, growth and decline of business establishments BR can be used to measure firmographic events such as: the formation, migration, location choice, failure, growth and decline of business establishments

Small and Medium (SME) Size establishments SME with less than 200 employees is the target of our analysis SME with less than 200 employees is the target of our analysis Account for more than 94% of establishments in 1990, 1996 and 2002 Account for more than 94% of establishments in 1990, 1996 and 2002 Extracted population was constrained to self-owned single establishments Extracted population was constrained to self-owned single establishments Establishments that are part of a chain were not included in the model! Establishments that are part of a chain were not included in the model! However, the extracted sample is deemed appropriate However, the extracted sample is deemed appropriate Around 80% of SME are with less than 10 employees, 93% of which are single owned establishments Around 80% of SME are with less than 10 employees, 93% of which are single owned establishments

Use discrete–time hazard duration models to explain the failure process Use multinomial logit models to explain the mobility (stay, relocate or out-migrate) of business establishments Use multinomial logit models to explain the location choice behavior of intra-urban mobile, newly formed and in- migrating establishments (maximum utility and Bid-rent concepts) Use multivariate regression models to explain the growth/decline process of business establishments Modeling Methods

Failure of Business Establishments We follow the life trajectory of 1996 small and medium size establishments till 2002 We follow the life trajectory of 1996 small and medium size establishments till 2002 We determine the duration of survival and time of failure We determine the duration of survival and time of failure We model the process via a discrete time hazard duration model We model the process via a discrete time hazard duration model Probability of failure is a function of establishment, industry, location and maco-economic factors Probability of failure is a function of establishment, industry, location and maco-economic factors

Mobility of Business Establishments Model the mobility status of surviving establishments between 1996 and 1997 Model the mobility status of surviving establishments between 1996 and 1997 We assume that each establishment is faced with the choice of either staying (S), relocating (m) or leaving the city (l) We assume that each establishment is faced with the choice of either staying (S), relocating (m) or leaving the city (l) The establishment is assumed to choose the alternative with the highest utility; we can exploit the random utility maximization approach to model the process The establishment is assumed to choose the alternative with the highest utility; we can exploit the random utility maximization approach to model the process Utility V nm of the MNL is a function of establishment, industry and location factors Utility V nm of the MNL is a function of establishment, industry and location factors

Location Choice of Business Establishments We model the location choice of relocating, newly formed and in- migrating establishments (1996 – 1997) and (2001 – 2002) We model the location choice of relocating, newly formed and in- migrating establishments (1996 – 1997) and (2001 – 2002) Establishments are profit maximizers and will choose a location that will maximize their profit. Establishments are profit maximizers and will choose a location that will maximize their profit. Establishments search the metropolitan area for an optimal location and will out-bid each other for that location Establishments search the metropolitan area for an optimal location and will out-bid each other for that location The process is modeled via a Multinomial Logit Model The process is modeled via a Multinomial Logit Model Utility of the MNL is a function of establishment characteristics and location attributes Utility of the MNL is a function of establishment characteristics and location attributes

Representation of Space Use boundaries of developed land parcels; but postal code addresses has a one-to-many relationship with parcel Use boundaries of developed land parcels; but postal code addresses has a one-to-many relationship with parcelAlternatively Divide the city into grid cells of 200 x 200 meters; extract grid cells that correspond to developed commercial and industrial land uses to create the set of alternative locations Divide the city into grid cells of 200 x 200 meters; extract grid cells that correspond to developed commercial and industrial land uses to create the set of alternative locations

General Pattern of Results Establishment age, size, growth, relocation history, local competition, agglomeration economies, type of industry, size of industry, economic downturn and demand for services and goods can influence the propensity of establishment failure Establishment age, size, growth, relocation history, local competition, agglomeration economies, type of industry, size of industry, economic downturn and demand for services and goods can influence the propensity of establishment failure Establishment age, growth rate, size, industry type along with agglomeration economies and level of local competition can influence the mobility behaviour Establishment age, growth rate, size, industry type along with agglomeration economies and level of local competition can influence the mobility behaviour CBD, highway and mall proximity, population density, new residential development, agglomeration economies and land use specialization as well as type of industry influence the location choice decision of establishments CBD, highway and mall proximity, population density, new residential development, agglomeration economies and land use specialization as well as type of industry influence the location choice decision of establishments

Future Research Model implementation: Creating a synthetic list of business establishments (BE) to use as a base year population for any simulation Model implementation: Creating a synthetic list of business establishments (BE) to use as a base year population for any simulation Develop a dynamic Geodatabase data model to store, maintain and update the BE list during simulations. Utilize Unified Modeling Language (UML) as the basis for the development Develop a dynamic Geodatabase data model to store, maintain and update the BE list during simulations. Utilize Unified Modeling Language (UML) as the basis for the development Implement a real estate development model to predict the change in industrial and commercial floor-space Implement a real estate development model to predict the change in industrial and commercial floor-space Simulate the inter-play between the local economy and urban form in Hamilton Simulate the inter-play between the local economy and urban form in Hamilton

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Statistics Canada for supporting this research through their (2003 – 2004) Statistics Canada PhD Research Stipend program. We would like to thank Statistics Canada for supporting this research through their (2003 – 2004) Statistics Canada PhD Research Stipend program. We would like to John Baldwin, Mark Brown and Desmond Beckstead for providing office space and access to the BR data. Also I am thankful to them for their useful discussions, input and assistance. We would like to John Baldwin, Mark Brown and Desmond Beckstead for providing office space and access to the BR data. Also I am thankful to them for their useful discussions, input and assistance. We are grateful to SSHRC for financial support through a Standard Research Grant and a SSHRC doctoral fellowship We are grateful to SSHRC for financial support through a Standard Research Grant and a SSHRC doctoral fellowship