The RESPIRATORY System Unit 3 Transportation Systems

Combining Forms Aer/oair Bronchi/obronchus Cyan/oblue Laryng/olarynx (voice box) Nas/onose Pharyng/opharynx (throat) Pleur/opleura Pneum/oair / lung Pneumon/oair / lung Rhin/onose Thorac/othorax (chest) Trache/otrachea (windpipe)

Prefixes/ Suffixes A- without, not Dys- bad, painful, difficult Hyp- under, below, deficient -al pertaining to -algia pain -dynia pain -ectasis dilation, expansion -ectomy surgical removal -ia condition -itis inflammation -osis abnormal cond. (usually with blood) -oxia oxygen -phagia swallowing, eating -plasty surgical repair -pnea breathing -rrhea discharge, flow -scope instrument to view -spasm involuntary contraction -stomy forming an opening or mouth

Abbreviations/ Terms Dx diagnosis COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease O2 oxygen SIDS Sudden Infant Death Syndrome TLC Total lung capacity TB Tuberculosis Stridor high pitch musical sound (characteristic of croup) Epitaxis nosebleed Rhonch isnoring sounds

The Respiratory System

Functions of the Respiratory System Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air. –Nasal cavity warms, and moistens the air as it enters the body. Resonating chambers for speech and sound production. –Larynx generates the sound, nose provides the resonating chamber. Carbon dioxide/ oxygen gas exchange. –Alveoli serve as the site for gas exchange.

Respiratory Pathway Air moves into the body by entering the: –Nose or mouth –Pharynx Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx –(passing the) epiglottis –Larynx –Trachea –Lungs Right and left main bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Structures of the Respiratory System

Nose/ Nasal Cavity Bony framework, cartilage, skin, hair, and mucous membrane lining. Nostrils provide openings.(also known as nares) Septum separates into right and left sides. Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air, smells, and provides resonating chambers for speech and sound production. –Mucous moistens and warms the air. It also makes particles in the air stick to the hairs (filters) –Chemoreceptors send information to the brain to create scents (sense of smell) –The structure of the nasal cavity affects sound production during speech

Nose/ Nasal Cavity

Pharynx Funnel-shaped tube located behind the mouth and nasal cavity, above the larynx. Walls composed of skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membranes. Three sections: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. Passageway for air and food. Resonating chamber for speech sounds and assists in the formation of words.

Epiglottis Located below the pharynx, attached to the entrance of the larynx. Large, leaf-shaped piece of cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx and trachea. Opens for the passage of air.

Larynx (voice box) Located below the pharynx. Contains vocal cords. Short passageway connecting the pharynx and the trachea. Made up of: –Epiglottis –Thyroid Cartilage –Cricoid Cartilage –Vocal Cords True (make the sound) False (protect true cords)

Larynx (voice box)

Trachea (windpipe) Passageway for air. Located anterior to the esophagus. Extends from the larynx to the center of the chest where the bronchi branch off. Supported by cartilage rings to prevent collapse.

Bronchi Two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs. The right primary bronchus is more vertical, wider, and shorter than the left. Inhaled objects are more likely to lodge in the right bronchus. Passageway for air.

Bronchioles Bronchi continue to divide to form smaller tubes called bronchioles. Passageway for air.

Alveoli Located at the end of the bronchioles. Small air sacs which are one-cell thick and surrounded by many blood capillaries. Site of gas exchange between air and blood. They are what makes the lungs look and act like a sponge

Lungs Primary organ of the respiratory system They fill the thoracic cavity (along with the heart) Right lung –Has three lobes Left lung –Has two lobes, which allows room for the heart Surrounded by a serous membrane called the Pleura –Has a visceral and a parietal layer

Lungs

Breathing Terms Ventilation is breathing in and out –Inhalationbreathing air in –Exhalationbreathing air out Respiration is the process of gas exchange –Externaltakes place between alveoli and capillaries in the lungs –Internal takes place between the capillaries and the body tissues throughout the body

Lung Capacities TLC (total lung capacity) is everything that can be held in your lungs TLC= residual vol.+ vital capacity –Residual volume is the air that never leaves your lungs while you are alive –VC (vital capacity)= IRV+ERV+TV IRV (inspiratory reserve vol.) is the extra air you can pull into your lungs with a deep breath EVR (expiratory reserve vol.) is the air you can force out of your lungs with a forced exhale TV (tidal vol.) is the air you breath in and out normally while sitting at rest

Lung Capacities

Diseases and Disorders Common Cold (Coryza) Pneumonia Lung Cancer Asthma Bronchitis Tuberculosis Influenza Emphysema

Coryza (Common Cold) Caused by one of many viruses. Signs and symptoms include fatigue, sneezing, coughing, congestion, body aches and pains, and nasal secretions. Can be treated by medication to reduce discomfort of signs and symptoms.

Pneumonia Inflammatory illness of the lung. –Lung inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling. Caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and chemical or physical injury to the lungs. Symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing. Usually treated by antibiotics.

Lung Cancer

Disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. Growth may lead to invasion of adjacent tissues and infiltration beyond the lungs. Most common symptoms are shortness of breath, coughing, and weight loss. Common cause is long term exposure to tobacco smoke. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

Asthma Reversible obstructive airway disease. Characterized by periods of coughing, difficulty breathing, or wheezing. Caused by spasms of the smooth muscle that line the wall of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles. Treated by antibiotics or the use of an inhaler.

Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi. Caused by genetics, air pollution, carbon monoxide, respiratory infection, and deficient antibody levels. Treated by antibiotics.

Tuberculosis Infectious, communicable disease that destroys the lung tissue and pleura. Inhaled respiratory droplets spread disease. Treated by medications.

Influenza Contagious respiratory illness caused by flu viruses. Usually comes on suddenly and may include fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Vaccines are available prior, once you have it all that can be done is to treat the symptoms until your body fights off the virus

Emphysema Alveoli become stretched out and cannot push carbon dioxide and other pollutants out of the lungs. Caused by smoking, frequent untreated respiratory infections, asthma, and abnormal stress on the lungs. Symptoms are anxiety, shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, cough, cyanosis, unequal chest expansion, elevated body temperature. Treatment options are medications, oxygen, and the possibility of a lung transplant.

Emphysema