Chapter 3 The Civilization of the Greeks

Early Greece Geography Mountains Sea Minoan Crete (c – 1450 B.C.) Knossus Catastrophic Collapse (c B.C.)

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The First Greek States: The Mycenaeans Mycenae Flourished between 1600 – 1100 B.C. Indo Europeans Powerful Monarchies Fortified Palace Complexes Warrior Society Trojan War Mycenae Destroyed c B.C.

Remains of a Mycenaean Fortified Palace Complex Fifteenth Century B.C.

The Greeks in a Dark Age (c – c. 750 B.C.) Period of Decline Farming Revived (c. 850 B.C.) Migrations to Ionia Revival of Some Trade Use of Iron Adoption of Phoenician Alphabet Homer The Iliad Trojan War The Odyssey Heroes

The World of the Greek City- States (c. 750 – c. 500 B.C.) The Polis Town or City and Surrounding Countryside Acropolis Agora Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities New Military System Hoplites and Phalanx

Bas Relief Depicting a Battle Including a Lion Museum of Delphi

Colonization and the Growth of Trade Migration and Colonies Increased Trade and Industry Tyrants Outside the Law Favored Interests of Merchants and Traders Fell out of favor by end of Sixth Century

Sparta Laconia Helots Messenia New Saprta Barracks and Military Life Spartan Women Government Two Kings Ephors Assembly Isolationism Peloponnesian League

Athens Attica Serious Economic Problems Solon Economic Reforms Political Reforms Tyrants The Reforms of Cleisthenes Ten Tribes – Cross Section of Population Council of 500 (50 from each tribe) Democracy

The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece The Challenge of Persia Ionian Revolt (499 – 494 B.C.) Persian Invasion (490 B.C.) Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.) Xerxes Renewed Persian Invasion (480 B.C.) Battle of Thermopylae (480 B.C.) Battle of Salamis (480 B.C.) Battle of Plataea (479 B.C.)

The Growth of an Athenian Empire in the Age of Pericles Delian League (organized 478 – 477 B.C.) Pericles Democracy Magistrates Ostracism Athenian Imperialism Control over Delian League

The Parthenon – Athens Fifth Century B.C.

The Great Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 B.C.) & the Decline of the Greek States Thucydides Spartan Fear of Athens Athens – Naval Power; Sparta – Land Power Plague (430 B.C.) Death of Pericles (429 B.C.) Destruction of Athenian Fleet (405 B.C.) Athens Surrenders (404 B.C.) Greek States continue to fight among themselves

The Culture of Classical Greece The Writing of History Herodotus (c. 484 – c. 425 B.C.) The Persian Wars Thucydides (c. 460-c. 400 B.C.) History of the Peloponnesian War Greek Drama Tragedies Aeschylus ( B.C.) Sophocles (c B.C.) Euripides (c B.C.) Nature of Good and Evil Comedies Aristophanes (c. 450-c. 385 B.C.) Lysistrata

Outdoor theater at Epidaurus

The Arts: The Classical Ideal Architecture Temples Mathematical Ratios found in Nature Sculpture Ideal Beauty

The Temple of Athena on the Island of Aegina Fifth-century B.C.

Elevated Five Temle Complex at Agrigento – Sicily

Bas Relief of "Athena and the Giant" Pergamum Altar

The Greek Love of Wisdom Philosophy (“Love of Wisdom”) Sophists No Right or Wrong Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.) Socratic Method Plato (c. 429 – 347 B.C.) The Republic The Academy Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.) Politics

Greek Religion Connected to Daily Life Festivals Gods and Goddesses Mount Olympus Olympic Festivals (began in 776 B.C.) Oracle of Apollo at Delphi

Remaining Columns at the Oracle to Apollo Delphi

Daily Life in Classical Athens 150,000 citizens – 43,000 adult males with political power Slavery Agricultural Economy Trade Artisans Simple Lifestyle Family Life Women Male Homosexuality

Discussion Questions What role did geography have on Greek history and civilization? What brought about the Dark Ages in ancient Greece? What were the main causes behind the development of democracy in Greece? Why was the polis the preferred form of government in ancient Greece? How did the Persian Wars lay the seeds for the Peloponnesian Wars? What were the defining features of Greek art? How did Plato’s Republic challenge democratic ideals? What impact did Greek philosophers have on the Western intellectual tradition? What function did festivals and public rituals play in Greek religion?

Web Links Ancient Greek Sites on the World Wide Web The Prehistoric Archaeology of the Aegean Dēmos: Classical Athenian Democracy Encyclopedia Mythica: Greek Mythology Cultural Map of Hellas The Ancient City of Athens Exploring Plato’s Dialogues