Bio 244 Chapter 12 THE EUKARYOTES FUNGI ALGAE PROTOZOA HELMINTHS

Table 12.2 ________: THE STUDY of ________

CLASSIFICATION and BASIC PROPERTIES of FUNGI DomainEukarya __________Fungi Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph Cellularity Yeast-_____________ _____- multicellular Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive Characteristic Features Sexual and/or asexual spores ____ Requirements Aerobic or facultative anaerobic

ROLE of FUNGI BENEFICIAL – ___________ – _____ source – Fermentation – Antibiotic Production HARMFUL – Plant disease Corn smut, mildew, wheat rust, elm and chestnut tree destruction – Human disease Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush – ________ destruction – Food Spoilage

UNICELLULAR FUNGI: _______ Unicellular Asexual Reproduction _________: yeast divide symmetrically (evenly) budding: yeast divide asymmetrically Figure 12.3 ROLE of S. cereviseae WINE PRODUCTION BREAD MAKING Name the genus and species of 3 yeast.

MULTICELLULAR FUNGI: MOLD Vegetative _______ – absorb nutrients. Aerial hyphae – produce spores for reproduction. Mass of hyphae is a mycelium. Figure 12.2 ROLE of MOLD __________ PRODUCTION __________ PRODUCTION

G ERMINATION – P RODUCTION OF HYPHAE

________ MORPHOLOGY and GROWTH

FUNGAL DIMORPHISM Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are ________at 37°C and ___________ at 28°C. Figure 12.4

ASEXUAL vs. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION in FUNGI ___________ – Organism has _________ – Offspring are genetically identical to parent – Ex.: Budding, Fragmentation, Asexual spores Ex. __________spores Conidiospores SEXUAL – Cells from two different parents unite – Offspring are genetically diverse – Sexual spores Ex. _________ Ascospores _________ fungi – produce both asexual and sexual spores. Anamorphic fungi – produce only asexual spores; ex. Stachybotrys sp., Coccidioides sp.

________ SPORES: Aspergillus sp. Figure 12.1 SEXUAL SPORES: ZYGOSPORE __________ SPORANGIO- SPORES CONIDIO- SPORES _________ sp.

CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTA Saprophytic molds Coenocytic hyphae Asexual spores – sporangiospores; _________ spores – zygospores Ex.: Rhizopus stolonifer – commonly known as bread mold ________ species – opportunistic, systemic mycoses LIFE CYCLE of Rhizopus sp.

CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTA Referred to as ‘sac’ fungi (also includes some yeast) Septate hyphae ___________ spores – conidiospores Sexual spores – __________ -Aspergillus sp.(opportunistic, systemic mycosis) -Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic) -Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. (cutaneous mycoses) Life cycle of Aspergillus sp.

FUNGAL INFECTIONS (__________) SUPERFICIAL-localized -Ex. hair shafts CUTANEOUS-______________ – Ex. Ringworm, athlete’s foot SUBCUTANEOUS-under skin – Ex. sporotrichosis ___________-deep within body – Ex. Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis OPPORTUNISTIC-normal micro- biota cause disease in immunocompromised host – Ex.- thrush, aspergillosis,

CUTANEOUS MYCOSES ___________mycoses – Also known as ________ or ____________ Metabolize keratin Genera of fungi involved – Trichophyton: Infects hair, skin, and nails – Microsporum: Infects hair and skin Treatment – Topical _____________ Tinea pedis

SUBCUTANEOUS MYCOSES More serious than cutaneous mycoses Sporotrichosis – Chronic infection, known as rose gardener’s disease – ________ sp.- common in soil (peat moss, potting mix) – Enters _______________ – Treated initially with potassium iodide (KI)

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES of the RESPIRATORY TRACT __________MYCOSIS Causative agent: Coccidioides sp. Reservoir: Desert soils of ___________ U.S. Transmission: _________ of spores Symptoms: Fever, coughing, weight loss Diagnosis: Serological tests Treatment: Amphotericin B ________PLASMOSIS Causative agent: Histoplasmosis sp. Reservoir: Soils of __________ Valley, caves Transmission: Inhalation of spores Symptoms: Nonspecific, coughing, flu-like Diagnosis: Serological tests, culture of sputum. Treatment: Amphotericin B

OTHER FUNGI INVOLVED IN RESPIRATORY DISEASE COMMON GENERA: – _____________ sp. – Mucor sp. – Rhizopus sp. TYPE OF MYCOSIS - Systemic PREDISPOSING FACTORS: – Immunocompromised state – ___________

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ______TOXIN INTOXICATIONS DISEASE ERGOT POISONING AFLATOXIN POISONING PATHOGENClaviceps sp.Aspergillus flavus SYMPTOMS_____________ flow to limbs _______ cirrhosis; liver cancer INTOXICATION/ INFECTION Mycotoxin in grainMycotoxin in food DIAGNOSISSclerotia ( mass of hardened mycelia) in food Immunoassay for toxin in food TREATMENTNone

BASIC PROPERTIES of _______ DomainEukarya Kingdom___________________ Nutritional TypePhotoautotroph CellularityUnicellular, multicellular Cellular ArrangementUnicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues Characteristic FeaturesPigments Role of Agae in Nature Fix CO 2 into organic molecules. Produce 80% of Earth's O 2. Algal blooms are increases in planktonic algae that can result in toxin release; or fish kills. Oil production.

SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE BROWN (Kelp) – harvested for algin (________________) – medicinal uses ______ – Harvested for ____ and carrageenan – Serves as food source – Some produce lethal toxins GREEN – Gave rise to terrestrial plants -major source of ___________

SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE cntd. ___________ – Pectin and silica cell walls – Store _____ – Fossilized diatoms formed oil – Produce ________ acid-causes neurological disease DINOFLAGELLATES (__________) – Primary producers of food in aquatic food chain – Food source in certain clams – Produce _____toxins(saxitoxin) – Algal blooms

___________ Mutualistic combination of an _____ (or cyanobacterium) & __________ Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates, fungus provides holdfast

BASIC PROPERTIES of ______ DomainEukarya ______________Protista Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph CellularityUnicellular Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive; ingestive Characteristic Features Most are motile; trophozoite stage- feeding, _________; some form cysts – __________ stage Reproduction Asexual (fission, budding, schizogony);Sexual(Conjugation) COMMON PROTOZOAN GROUPS __________ FLAGELLATES CILIATES SPOROZOANS :

Amoeba PHYLUM: Amoebozoa (SUBPHYLUM SARCODINA) Move by pseudopods Ex. ___________ sp. Acanthamoeba sp. Figure 12.18a CILIATES (PHYLUM: CILIOPHORA) Move by _________ Complex cells Ex. ___________ sp. Balantidium coli (only human parasite)

FLAGELLATES PHYLUM Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple __________ Ex. _________ lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no __________) Figure 12.17b-d PathogenGiardia lamblia Symptoms ________, cramps, bloating ReservoirWater, mammals DiagnosisMicroscopic, FA test Treatment Metronidazole; quinacrine GIARDIASIS

Figure PROTOZOA cntd ______autotrophic flagellates Euglena sp. Hemoflagellates – _______________ sp. Sleeping sickness Chagas’ disease rbc

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA Nonmotile Lack mitochondria Intracellular protozoa Ex.: Plasmodium sp.- transmitted by ___________; causes ____________ Toxoplasma sp.-transmitted by cats; causes fetal infections Cryptosporidium sp. — transmitted via feces; causes waterborne illness PHYLUM MICROSPORA Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Ex. _______ locustae grasshopper parasite What is this an example of??

LIFE CYCLE of ___________

BASIC PROPERTIES of HELMINTHS DomainEukarya Kingdom______________ Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph CellularityAll __________cellular Cellular ArrangementTissues and organs Food Acquisition MethodIngestive; absorptive Characteristic FeaturesElaborate life cycles CLASSIFICATION of HELMINTHS Phylum: _________ (roundworms) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: ______helminths (flatworms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)

LIFE CYCLES OF HELMINTHS _____  __________  adult Simple the number of hosts that harbor the different stages of the helminth life cycle are few Complex the number of hosts that harbor the different stages of the helminth life cycle are many – DEFINITIVE HOSTS Harbor _________ parasites Parasites reproduce sexually Eggs are shed – INTERMEDIATE HOSTS Harbor __________stages Parasites grow and reproduce sexually More than 1 intermediate host may be involved

HUMAN as ____________ HOST Lung fluke: Paragonimus sp. Figure 12.26

HUMAN as INTERMEDIATE HOST Tapeworm ______coccus sp.

HUMAN as DEFINITIVE and INTERMEDIATE HOST :________________.

NEMATODES: ______ INFECTIVE for HUMANS Figure 12.29

Nematodes: ________ Infective for Humans Life cycle of Trichinella spiralis Figure 25.26

_________ as VECTORS of DISEASE ________ - arthropods that carry pathogenic microorganisms. _________ - animals with segmented bodies, hard external skeletons, and jointed legs. Representative classes: – Arachnida—eight legs – Crustacea—four antennae – Insecta—six legs

ARTHROPODS as Vectors of _________ Figure Typhus Rickettsia sp. ______ Plague Yersinia pestis Tularemia Francisella sp. _______ Disease Trypanosoma cruzi

Comparison of Eukaryotic Kingdoms Table 12.1