Chapter 7: Ordering Life

7.1 Scientist develop methods for classifying living things

1. Scientists classify millions of species. --Classification is the scientific process of arranging organisms into groups based on similarities.

--Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms.

--A good system of taxonomy allows scientists to communicate about organisms without confusion.

--To classify organisms, scientists use physical similarities and differences as well as DNA.

These all belong to the family Felidea

--scientists classified organisms based on their appearance and behavior. These can be false connections. For example, caterpillars look like worms.

2. Taxonomists study biological relationships. A taxon is a group of organism that share a certain trait. (taxis is a Greek word meaning arraignment)

Scientists compare 1) physical traits and 2) evolutionary ancestry to determine how closely species are related.

Physical Evidence: primary tool of early scientist; outward appearance and internal structure; still important

Fossils help scientists determine the evolutionary history of a species.

DNA evidence can support physical evidence in determining how species are related. (ex. Giant Panda)

Classificationevolutiongeneticphysical Systemtaxonomytaxonstraits 1. The process in which scientists arrange organisms into groups based on similarities is called ___________________. 2. When scientists have arranged organisms into groups, they give the organisms names. This science is called _______________. 3. To determine biological relationships, a taxonomist compares the __________________ of two different species. 4. ____________________ are groups of organisms that share certain characteristics. 5. ________________________evidence may include characteristics such as color, size, and weight. 6. Scientists sometimes compare the DNA sequences of two organisms for similarities. This _________________ evidence proves that the organisms are closely related.

1. classification 2. taxonomy 3. traits 4. Taxons 5. Physical 6. genetic

1. Linnaeus named about 4000 species. He developed a system of binomial nomenclature for naming species and organizing them into groups

A species scientific name is made up of two parts— the first part is the genus name and the second part is the species name. Most scientific names are in Latin. Ex. The genus Ursus groups all of the animals known as bears. So which one would be Ursus arctos and which one would be Ursus maritimus

Scientific names: Genus first and capitalized followed by species and both italicized or underlined

Organisms can be classified into seven levels. 1.Kingdom - 2.Phylum - 3.Class - 4.Order - 5.Family - 6.Genus - 7.Species - Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Felis or Pantherinae catus or leo

Kings Play Chess On Fat Green Stools 1.Kingdom 2.Phylum 3.Class 4.Order 5.Family 6.Genus 7.Species Now draw the Kings!

Dichotomous keys and field guides help people identify organisms.

the key ask a series of paired questions about physical traits. The answer to each question either identifies the organism or leads to the next question.

Field guides use paintings or photos of organisms and include scientific names, range maps, and descriptions. swaggerific

SECTION 3 1. Taxonomy changes as information about an organism’s evolutionary history becomes available.

The six kingdoms are arranged into larger groups called domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya based on cell type, cell number, and how organisms get their energy. Domain Kingdom Cell Type Cell number Gets energy

Archaea and Bacteria domains are made up of unicellular prokaryotic cells. They differ in cell chemistry. Archaea can survive extreme temperatures. DomainBacteriaArchaea Kingdom BacteriaArchaea Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell number Unicellular Gets energy Variesvaries

The domain Eukarya is made up of the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia which are mostly multicellular and eukaryotic. DomainBacteriaArchaeaEukarya Kingdom BacteriaArchaeaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Cell Type Prokaryotic Cell number Unicellular Gets energy Variesvaries

DomainBacteriaArchaeaEukarya Kingdom BacteriaArchaeaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell number Unicellular Most Unicellular Multicellular Gets energy VariesvariesVariesAbsorbs materials Producer: Uses sunlight Consumes food

2. The two most familiar kingdoms are plants and animals. Plants differ from animals in that their cells have cell walls and chloroplasts. Plants are producers that take in air and the Sun’s energy and synthesize sugars. Animals are consumers—they need to eat other organisms for food.

3. Other organisms make up four more kingdoms. The kingdom Protista includes unicellular and multicellular organisms such as seaweeds. The multicellular organisms have structures that are too simple to be classified in the other groups.

Fungi include mushrooms, yeasts, and molds. Fungi obtain their energy by breaking down dead or decaying materials. Archaea and Bacteria were once classified in the same group, but their differences led to a separate kingdom for each group. For these two kingdoms, the kingdom name and domain name are the same.

4. Species and environments change. Species evolve over time and are affected by changes in their surroundings.

Animalia Archaea Bacteria domains Fungi Plantae Protista species 1.Scientists have arranged kingdoms into larger groups called ____. 2. More than 90 percent of the organisms in the kingdom ________ are insects. 3. Unicellular organisms that can survive in extreme environments belong to the kingdom _________________. 4. Organisms, either unicellular or multicellular, that absorb their nutrients from their surroundings belong to the kingdom _________. 5. Multicellular organisms that can make their own food belong to the kingdom ____________. 6. If scientists discovered a unicellular organism that has a nucleus, they would classify this organism in the kingdom _____________.

1. domains 2. Animalia 3. Archaea 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Protista