Asuncion * Dalman * Doromal * Dy Generoso * Mejia * Ong Internal Medicine Rotation- The Medical City December 22, G7 Grand Rounds

Identifying Data 2 CFG, 58 y/o Filipino female Roman Catholic From Pasig Informants: Patient and sister (good reliability)

Chief Complaint 3 Epigastric pain

History of Present Illness 4 Post-prandial epigastric pain (6/10)  crampy, intermittent, 30 minute duration, with radiation to the back Took Itopride (Ganaton)  no relief (-) fever, nausea, vomiting, changes in bowel movement Morning PTA Afternoon PTA Epigastric pain with increased intensity; (+) chills and fever Consult at TMC-ER  admission

Review of Systems (+) generalized weakness No weight gain or weight loss, easy fatigability No headache, seizures, blurring of vision, ear problems No dyspnea, cough, colds No Palpitations, chest pain No nausea, vomiting No dysuria, frequency 5

Past Medical History (+) Hypertension – 20 years S/p laparoscopic cholecystectomy with subsequent development of stricture, s/p stent placement (2005) S/p biliary stent replacement (2007) Allergic to erythromycin – rashes

Past Medical History Hypertension – 20 years – On Losartan + Hydrochlorohiazide Asthma – No recent consults – Last attack unrecalled – No maintenance medications

Family History Hypertension Asthma

Personal and Social History Divorced Smoker Occasional alcohol beverage drinker Usual diet: prefers meat and fatty food, soda 9

Physical Exam 10 Anthropometrics: Height=152 cm, weight=68 kg, BMI=29.4 (overweight) Vitals: BP: 150/90, T: 39.5 o C, RR 21, HR 88 General: conscious, coherent, alert HEENT: anicteric sclerae, pink palpebral conjunctiva, neck veins non-distended, no cervicolymphadenopathies Chest: Symmetric chest expansion, no retractions, clear breath sounds

Physical Exam  Abdomen: Protuberant, normoactive, tympanitic, no masses palpated, epigastric and right upper quadrant direct tenderness  Extremities: Full and equal pulses, good skin color and turgor  Digital rectal exam:

Salient Features 58 year old, female Acute abdominal pain (epigastric, RUQ areas) Accompanied by chills and fever History of cholecystectomy with biliary stent insertion and replacement (2005 and 2007)

ASSESSMENT Ascending cholangitis

Differential Diagnosis 14 Cholecystitis and biliary colic Diverticular disease Hepatitis Mesenteric ischemia Pancreatitis Cirrhosis Liver failure Liver abscess Acute appendicitis Perforated peptic ulcer Pyelonephritis

Hepatitis

Pancreatitis

Peptic Ulcer Disease

18 Diagnostic Plan (1 of 2)

19 Diagnostic Plan (2 of 2)

COURSE IN THE WARDS

Hospital Day 1: Floors to ICU SubjectiveObjectiveAssessmentPlan Stable at the floors early in the AM Decreased responsiveness Restlessness BP: 160/60  90/60 HR: 100s RR: 40s O2 sat’n: 97%  88% + alar flaring + ronchi, rales Occasional wheezing Distended abdomen; soft, non-tender Normal rate, regular rhythm Distinct S1 No edema Full and equal pulses Flushed skin Severe septic shock secondary to ascending cholangitis secondary to biliary duct stricture s/p stent placement Hypertension Intubation Transfer to ICU Stat ERCP Antibiotics (Pip- Tazo  Linezolid and Imipenem)

Hospital Day 1 – Diagnostics CBC Hemoglobin = 132 g/dL Hematocrit = 0.37 Platelets = 224 WBC = 14.5 Neutrophils = 0.93 Lymphocytes = 0.06 Monocyte = 0.01 Urinalysis Color: Dark yellow Sp Gravity: erythrocytes, urobilinogen, bilirubin ABG pH = pCO2 = 26.4 pO2 = 63.1 HCO3 = 15.7 BE = -7.1 O2 sat = Others Hepatitis tests: non-reactive SGOT: U/L ↑ SGPT: U/L ↑ Alk Phos: U/L ↑ Amylase: 126 U/L Lipase: Potassium: 3.3 mmol/L

Hospital Day 1 – Diagnostics ECG Normal sinus rhythm Leftward axis Left atrial enlargement Non-specific ST-T wave changes No significant changes from 11/27/2010 Chest X-ray Subsegmental atelectasis, right Cardiomegaly Atheromatous aorta Thoracic spondylosis and dextroscoliosis Cardiac EnzymesCultures Stent and blood: Klebsiella pneumoniae Bile: Heavy growth of Escherichia coli Stent: Proteus mirabilis * All orgnisms sensitive to Ceftriaxone

Principles of Management Septic ShockAscending Cholangitis 24 Close monitoring (vital signs, I/O) Hemodynamic support with IV fluids and vasopressors Identify underlying cause for sepsis ABC assessment IV Fluid resuscitation with crystalloids (e.g. plain NSS) Parenteral antibiotics Biliary decompression (severe cases) Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) for choleliths

Source:

Looking Ahead – Ascending Cholangitis PrognosisComplications Depends on the following: – Early recognition and treatment of cholangitis – Response to therapy – Underlying medical conditions of the patient Mortality rate: 5-10%, (higher in patients who require emergency decompression or surgery) Good response to antibiotics = good prognosis Liver failure, hepatic abscess, microabscess Acute renal failure Bacteremia, sepsis (gram- negative)

Looking Ahead – Septic Shock PrognosisComplications Depends on the following: – Severity of illness – Co-morbidities – Age Response to antibiotics Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) Renal dysfunction Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Mesenteric ischemia Myocardial ischemia and dysfunction

Other Aspects of the Case Psycho-socio-economic ImpactPrevention and Public Health P100,000 per day with ICU admissions  current expense for the patient is around P400,000 On patient’s personal account Lifestyle and health-seeking behavior changes (e.g. low- fat diet, quit smoking, stent- removal) Patient education

Asuncion * Dalman * Doromal * Dy Generoso * Mejia * Ong Internal Medicine Rotation- The Medical City December 22, G7 Grand Rounds