1 Lecture Cherdsak Iramaneerat Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital Mahidol University

2 Motivation Something that causes a person to act, encourage a person to response (American Dictionary) The process whereby goal-directed behavior is promoted and sustained (Schunk, 1990)

3 Intrinsic Motivation A person performs a task because of rewards inherent to a task or activity itself Examples: –Playing jigsaw puzzle for fun –Drawing pictures for relaxation of mind

4 Extrinsic Motivation A person performs a task because of a stimulus outside of the task or activity. Examples –Money –Threat of punishment

5 Motivation Motivating students to learn 1.Curiosity 2.Goal orientation 3.Self-efficacy beliefs 4.Learning outcomes 55Instructional techniques

6 Curiosity People are motivated to learn when they see or perceive of new things. Novel, complex, or unique patterns in the environment are good learning motivators.

7 Goal Orientation Not all goals will prompt the persistence in learning. 1.The specificity of the goal 2.Time to achieve the goal 3.Determination of achievement 77Instructional techniques

8 Self-Efficacy Beliefs Self-efficacy beliefs influence how much effort students put forth, how long they will persevere with the tasks, and have a positive impact on learning outcomes 8Instructional techniques

9 Self-Efficacy Beliefs 1.Enactive mastery experiences 2.Vicarious experiences 3.Verbal persuasion 4.Physiological reactions 9Instructional techniques

10 Learning Outcomes 1.Satisfying expectancies –Self expectations –Natural consequences of learning –Other positive consequences 2.Describing the outcomes –Good: internal, unstable, controllable –Bad: external, stable, uncontrollable 10Instructional techniques

11 Advantages of Lectures Efficient Controlled content Access to unpublished materials Explain difficult content Personalized teaching style Motivating and inspiring 11Instructional techniques

12 Disadvantages of Lectures Missed content Off-topic instructors Passive students Poor note-taking skills Inability to transfer from hearing to writing, speaking, or doing 12Instructional techniques

13 Interesting Research Findings Active responders learn more than passive observers. Despite desiring full notes, students have done better when provided with partial notes. Students who take notes and study them later consistently receive higher scores than students who only listen to the lecture. 13Instructional techniques

14 Lecture Tip #1 Provide clear goals and objectives –A goal A goal states the purpose of instruction. A goal informs students what to expect. A goal reminds the teacher of the lecture focus. –An objective An objective is a description of what to be learned. A behavioral objective states what students is expected to be able to do after the instruction. 14Instructional techniques

15 Lecture Tip #2 Focus on concepts, not on facts –Provide only essential facts –Frame facts within concepts –Explain concepts using different context examples Give an example (or examples) of facts and concepts in the topic of your instructional task 15Instructional techniques

16 Lecture Tip #3 Use questions –Questions engage students actively. –Questions enable students reflection. –Questions foster higher order learning. –Questions facilitate deep learning. 16Instructional techniques

17 Lecture Tip #4 Prepare your lectures in three parts 1.Introduction 2.Body 3.Conclusion 17Instructional techniques

18 Lecture Tip #5 Gather important information prior to your lecture –Content: scope, depth –Audience: experience level, specialty, special needs, number –Goal of the lecture: limit to only a single goal –Environment: room, audiovisual equipments –Time: time of the day, amount of time provided 18Instructional techniques

19 Lecture Tip #6 Use your voice effectively to engage your audience –Tone –Pitch –Pace 19Instructional techniques

20 Lecture Tip #7 Consider your lecture style –Suggestions: Keep eye contact Speak clearly Vary your pace Pause from time to time Limit filler words (umm…, ahh….) Un-root yourself (move around) 20Instructional techniques

21 Lecture Tip #8 Involve your audience in your lecture –Questions –Cases –Examples –Presentations 21Instructional techniques

22 Lecture Tip #9 Prepare a good handout –A handout with Background information Main topics Spaces for students to write: –Key facts –Concepts 22Instructional techniques

23 Lecture Tip #10 Don’t forget to summarize your lesson –Intermittent summary of your main points –Provide concrete examples –Ask questions –Conclusion at the end of your lecture 23Instructional techniques

24 24Instructional techniques