Blood February 9-10, 2016 Watch until 4:30

What is the function of blood? Transports material throughout the body, including: Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Electrolytes Hormones Immune cells HEAT!! Why can you die from blood loss? Lack of oxygen in heart and brain Why do we need oxygen? We need oxygen to do cellular respiration – to convert glucose into ATP

What is blood made of? plasma ~55%, platelets & white blood cells ~1%, red blood cells ~44%

Blood Components Plasma (~55% TOTAL VOLUME) ~92% water ~7% proteins Albumin (osmotic balance) Fibrinogen (clotting) Antibodies (immune) Hormones (regulation) ~1% other solutes Electrolytes (osmotic and pH balance, regulating membrane permeability) Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids) Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Blood Components Erythocytes (~44% TOTAL VOLUME) aka red blood cells tiny! lack a nucleus, have few organelles contain hemoglobin – an iron- containing protein that reversibly binds to oxygen (and a small amount of CO2) How does the structure of erythrocytes facilitate their function? - very small to fit through small capillaries - small size and lack of nucleus, most organelles designed to maximize oxygen transport RBCs are one of smallest in human body (sperm and granule cell in cerebellum are about the same size)

Blood Components Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME) Blood is typically stained with chemicals that bind to certain proteins to aid in identification of cells Leukocytes (< 1% TOTAL VOLUME) aka white blood cells fight pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites) and cancer can leave the blood stream to go to infected tissue – diapedesis summoned to damaged areas by chemotaxis, move by ameboid motion

Blood Components Leukocyte Types Granulocytes – contain granules in cytoplasm and unusually shaped nuclei Neutrophils – most numerous leukocyte; phagocytic; abundant during bacterial infection Eosinophils – kill parasitic worms and increase during allergy attacks Basophils - assist in inflammatory response

Blood Components Leukocyte Types Agranulocytes – lack granules in cytoplasm and have normal nuclei Lymphocytes – 2nd most numerous; include B and T cells; produce antibodies and attack infected cells Monocytes – engulf and destroy pathogens

Blood Components Platelets (<1% TOTAL VOLUME) cell fragments involved in blood clotting RBCs are one of smallest in human body (sperm and granule cell in cerebellum are about the same size)

Review 1: What is blood made of? Identify each component, and justify your response! A B C D

Review 2: Structure & Function Identify the component of blood that transports each material, and justify your response! Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients – glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins) Electrolytes Hormones Immune cells HEAT!!

Review 3: Compare & Contrast Turn & Talk – 2 min Compare & contrast the structure and function of erythrocytes and leukocytes

Hemostasis Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting Occurs when small blood vessel (capillary) is damaged Clot seals the blood vessel until the it regenerates Occurs in just 3-6 minutes

Process of Hemostasis Three major events occur, all beginning the moment the vessel is damaged: Vasoconstriction Platelet plug formation Coagulation of blood Coagulation takes longer, and is completed after vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation occur 45 up to start of hemostasis

Process of Hemostasis Watch me! This is a simplified overview of the clotting cascade

Hemostasis: Review & Connections What is the recommended way to treat a bleeding wound (until you see a doctor)? Why? Gauze and pressure The gauze acts much like collagen fibers – provide a rough surface that helps activate platelets. Pressure manually constricts blood vessels and also increases the release of thromboplastin, which helps initiate coagulation. Never remove gauze or a bandage from an actively bleeding wound. Why? Removing the bandage will remove both clotting factors and the beginnings of a platelet plug or blood clot, causes an increase in bleeding.

Hemostasis: Review & Connections How is blood clotting an example of positive feedback? Which part(s) of the process best exemplify positive feedback? (Turn & Talk – 2 min) Platelet plug formation Activated platelets release chemicals that cause more platelets to activate, until a large number of platelets clump together forming a plug.

Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue death. An embolus is a blood clot that forms then breaks away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then lodge in a capillary and block blood flow. coronary thrombosis cerebral embolism – pulmonary embolism –

Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in an unbroken vessel. A large thrombus may block blood flow, causing tissue death. An embolus is a blood clot that forms then breaks away and floats freely in the blood vessels. An embolus may then lodge in a capillary and block blood flow. coronary thrombosis – in heart cerebral embolism – in brain pulmonary embolism – in lungs

Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots Causes of thrombus Injury to blood vessel or build-up of fatty plaques  Both create rough surfaces inside vessel, which may activate platelets Poor blood circulation  Clotting factors may accumulate Immobility increases the risk of deep vein thrombus in legs!

Hemostatic Disorders – Blood Clots Blood thinners (such as warfarin, aspirin, and heparin) can be used to prevent thrombus Aspirin – blocks thromboxane reduces formation of platelet plug Wafarin – blocks production of certain clotting factors reduces coagulation interrupting clotting cascade Heparin – helps inactivate thrombin reduces coagulation by preventing conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin Review your notes – how exactly does each of these reduce clotting?

Hemostatic Disorders - Hemophilia Causes lack of one or more clotting factors Recessive sex-linked trait (more common in men) Symptoms Prolonged bleeding even from minor injuries Excessive bruising Bruised and swollen joints Excessive clumsiness and falling Treatment Intravenous injection of clotting factors Donated plasma Synthetic clotting factors

Hematopoiesis Hematopoiesis is the process of blood formation. Occurs in the red bone marrow Where is this found? In babies, nearly all bones have red marrow In adults, just the flat bones and epiphyses All blood cells and platelets derive from hemocytoblast stem cells

Erythrocyte life cycle and production Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes Production is controlled by hormone erythropoietin. Erythropoietin release is stimulated by low levels of O2 in blood.

Erythrocyte life cycle and production Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes Why is there no hormone to decrease RBC production? High numbers of RBCs don’t cause major problems High levels are temporary. RBC levels will decline due to death of cells.

Erythrocyte life cycle and production Develop in red marrow (for 3-5 days) Eject nucleus, then enter blood stream. Red blood cells life for 3-4 months Digested by phagocytes Why do world-class athletes train at high altitude before major competitions? High altitude has lower oxygen levels, which stimulates the production of erythrocytes The high levels of erythrocytes will persist for a while after leaving high altitude

Closure What were our objectives, and what did you learn about them? What was our learner profile trait and how did we exemplify it? How does what we did today address our unit question?

Exit Ticket Make mini posters illustrating the following terms. The posters should be in color prominently feature the term have both a picture a definition / explanation of the term

Exit Ticket Neutrophil hemostasis Fibrin hemophilia Basophil Serotonin fibrinogen agglutination Eosinophil Platelet plug Platelet factor 3 Albumin Lymphocyte Thromboplastin coagulation Antibody Monocyte Prothrombin Clotting factor Antigen platelet thrombin vasoconstriction Plasma hemocytoblast erythropoietin Thrombus Erythrocyte hemotopoeisis Prothrombin activator embolus leukocyte