Unit 2.  Biological Anthropology seeks to understand the role of biology in understanding human culture.

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Presentation transcript:

Unit 2

 Biological Anthropology seeks to understand the role of biology in understanding human culture

 Biological anthropologists seek to answer two sets of questions:  The first deal with where humans (Homo sapiens) come from (human paleontology).

 The second set of questions deals with how and why contemporary human populations differ biologically ( human variation)

 Carlos Linnaeus Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

 Linnaeus placed humans, apes, and monkeys in the same order (primates).

 Charles Darwin developed the theory of Natural Selection. Natural selection is a process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits thought time.

 Darwin rejected the theory that species were created in one fixed form. He believed natural selection influenced evolution.

 Darwin published The Origin of Species in 1859.

 Natural selection increases adaptive traits relative to the environment  Adaptive traits are those that increase an organisms chances of survival.

 What is adaptive in one environment is maladaptive in another (i.e. gills).

 Evolution and natural selection act on populations not individual animals.

Three things are needed for natural selection to take place: 1. Variation 2. Heritability 3. Differential reproductive success

 Gregor Mendel

 Mendel identified that some traits are dominant and others are recessive.

 Genotype- an organism’s genetic make up  Phenotype – an organism's physical appearance

 What are your thoughts about the following museum in Kentucky? (4 Lines)

 The allele of a gene pair that is always expressed is Dominant  Adaptation can occur culturally or biologically

 One issue that was never in doubt at the Scopes Trial was the theory of Evolution

 Genes are the chemical unit of heredity.  Genes are contained inside Chromosomes.

 Chromosomes are paired rod- shaped structures within a cell’s nucleus.  Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

 What do you think would happen if your DNA randomly changed?

 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a molecule in the genes that directs an organism’s make up.

 The bases that compose DNA always occur in the same pairs:  Adenine with Thymine  Guanine and Cytosine  Adenine and Uracil (in RNA)

 Mitosis – cell reproduction  Meiosis – sex cell reproduction

 Mutation – a change in the DNA sequence that produces an altered gene.

Sources of Variability

 Genetic Recombination- the varied distribution of traits from parent to child

 Genetic drift – the various random process that affect gene frequencies in small isolated populations.

 Gene flow – the process by which genes pass from one population to another

 A species can reproduce viable offspring.  Speciation is the development of new species

 Sociobiology – interested in social behavior.  Behavioral ecology – interested in how behavior is related to the environment.  Evolutionary psychology – interested in how evolution influenced human behavior.

 Type 3- State the cases for and against evolution using your notes in class. (10 Sentences)